Seed of south-western Victoria database
| Record Number | Botanical Name | Author | Synonym(s) | Common Name(s) | Family | Seed Length (mm) | Seed Width (mm) | Shape (Outline) | Shape (Transverse Section) | Colour | Surface Texture | Lustre | Toughness | Appendages | Additional Layers | Notes | Species Information | Photograph Notes | Photograph 1 | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Acaena novae-zelandiae | Kirk | Acaena anserinifolia | Bidgee Widgee | Rosaceae | 4-6 | obconical | 4-sided, one rib on each 'corner' | tan | four ribs, surface villous | dull | 4 spines 6-12 mm long | Seed: Surface covered in very fine cobweb-like hairs. Dark brown. Four-sided in transverse section, but sides rounded. Ribs on corners tan in colour. | Achene described above. Transverse section: one tan-coloured rib is present on each 'corner' of the four sided seed. Spines have downward pointing bristles on their distal ends. Present in seed reference collection. | Prostrate to procumbent perennial herb. Seeds in fruit forming globular head. Dispersed by animals with the aid of spines. | Achene shown below. For seed see 'Additional Images'. | ||||
| 2 | *Anagallis arvensis | L. | Anagallis arvensis var. caerulea | Scarlet Pimpernel | Primulaceae | 1.2 | angular elliptic | blackish | dull | Present in seed reference collection. | Small introduced glabrous herb. Capsule c. 4 mm in diameter is dehiscent about the equator (circumsciss). | Many seeds shown below. See 'Additional Images' for close up of seed and capsule. | ||||||||
| 3 | Carex appressa | R. Br. | - | Tall Sedge | Cyperaceae | to 2 | 1.3-1.5 | ovate | narrowly elliptic/lenticular | dark brown | foveolate (finely pitted) | semi-glossy | Utricle: 2-3 mm long, 1.0-1.7 mm diameter, beak c. 1 mm long apex bifid. Longitudinally ribbed, ridges joining at base. Antrorse spines on upper 1/3 to 1/2 of utricle. Fawn to dark brown in colour. Surface scalariform. Ridges running along each margin. | 'Seed' a nut. Carex species in general prefer to grow in marshy acid soils. While not being true aquatics, they do grow well in shallow water (Bursche, 1971). Present in seed reference collection. | Perennial sedge to 2 metres tall found on seasonally wet ground, along creeks, lake edges and in freshwater ephermeral swamps. Widespead and common on the Western Plains. Tolerates periodic inundation. Three-sided stems bear flowering spikes. Culms solid and triquetous, cf. C. tereticaulis. | Seed shown below. See 'Additional Images' for utricles and transverse section. | Bursche, E. M. (1971) ' A handbook of water plants'. Frederick Warne and Co Ltd, London. Translated by Czech, H. Nelmes, E. (1944) A key to the Australian species of Carex (Cyperceae). Proceedings of the Linnean Society, London Session. 155: 277-285. Sainty, G. R. and Jacobs, S. W. L. (1981) 'Waterplants of New South Wales'. Water Resources Commission, N. S. W. Utricle illustrated p. 438, number 11 (photograph). Walsh, N. G. and Entwisle, T. J. (1994) 'Flora of Victoria volume 2. Ferns and allied plants, conifers and monocotyledons'. Inkata Press, Melbourne. Utricle illustrated p. 354, Figure 71b (line drawing). | |||
| 4 | Carex fascicularis | Sol. Ex Boott in Hook. F | - | Tassel Sedge | Cyperaceae | to 2 | to 1.5 | obovate | triangular | fawn | granulate | semi-glossy | Utricle: to 8 mm long, beak 2-3 mm long deeply split, to 2 mm wide. Fawn in colour. Ribbed with longitudinal ridges, surface texture scalariform. Semi-glossy. | The long beak and increased length to width ratio of the utricles distinguishes this species from C. appressa and C. tereticaulis. 'Seed' a nut. Present in seed reference collection. | Perennial sedge to 1 metre tall found along lake margins and on swampy ground. Can survive periodic inundation. Flowering occurs in spring and summer. Infloresence is drooping. Culms trigonous, cf. C. appressa. | Seed shown below. Utricles and transverse section shown in 'Additional Images'. | Nelmes, E. (1944) A key to the Australian species of Carex (Cyperceae). Proceedings of the Linnean Society, London Session. 155: 277-285. Utricle illustrated in Waterplants of New South Wales, p. 438, number 12 (photograph). Sainty, G. R. and Jacobs, S. W. L. (1981) 'Waterplants of New South Wales'. Water Resources Commission, N. S. W. Utricle illustrated in Flora of Victoria volume 2, p. 345, Figure 70f (line drawing). Walsh, N. G. and Entwisle, T. J. (1994) 'Flora of Victoria volume 2. Ferns and allied plants, conifers and monocotyledons'. Inkata Press, Melbourne. | |||
| 5 | Carex tereticaulis | F. Muell. | - | Poong'ort | Cyperaceae | to 3 | to 2 | circular-elliptic | plano-convex | dark brown | longitudinal ridges | semi-glossy | Utricle (not seed) described above. Utricle similar to C. appressa but shorter and wider. "Seed" a nut. Seed broad-ellipsoid to obovoid, lenticular and dark brown (Walsh and Entwisle, 1994). Present in seed reference collection. | Sedge common on swampy depressions. Terete, hollow, smooth culms distinguish it from C. appressa. | Urticles of C. tereticaulis are shown below | Nelmes, E. (1944) A key to the Australian species of Carex (Cyperceae). Proceedings of the Linnean Society, London Session. 155: 277-285. Walsh, N. G. and Entwisle, T. J. (1994) 'Flora of Victoria volume 2. Ferns and allied plants, conifers and monocotyledons'. Inkata Press, Melbourne. Utricle illustrated p. 354, Figure 71d (line drawing). | ||||
| 6 | *Conium maculatum | L. | - | Hemlock | Apiaceae (Umbelliferae) | 2.5-4 | to 1.5 | elliptic, tapering to pointed ends | olive green | scalariform | dull | Fruit broad-ovoid to globose, slightly flattened laterally (5-ribs prominent and undulate), carpophore persistent and divided nearly to base of schizocarp. | Dorsal surface with 3 prominent longitudinal ridges, additional minor ridges between these. The ventral surface has more or less longitudinal wrinkles. A large groove/depression extends entire length. In transverse section reniform to horseshoe shaped. Present in seed reference collection. | A weed of the Western Plains, widespread at Mount Eccles National Park. (Mount Eccles National Park and Mount Napier State Park, Pest Plants, Appendix 2). | See 'Additional Images' for transverse section and variants. | Anderberg, A. L. (1994) 'Atlas of seeds and small fruits of Northwest-European plant species with morphological descriptions, Part 4 Resedaceae-Umbelliferae'. Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, p. 114, Pl. 136. | ||||
| 7 | Cotula coronopifolia | L. | Cotula integrifolia | Water-buttons | Asteraceae (Compositae) | 1-2 | narrow-oblong | somewhat compressed | straw (around margin) to brown | glandular | satiny | with narrow marginal ridges | Outer cypselas (derived from female florets) 1.5-2 mm long, oblong, flattened, glandular, straw coloured and winged. Inner cypselas less than 1.5 mm in length (Sainty and Jacobs, 1981). | Cypselas of the inner bisexual disc florets described above and illustrated below and possess no wing. They have narrow marginal ridges. Present in seed reference collection. Status in Victoria currently uncertain (Ross and Walsh, 2003), therefore would be a useful species to find in palaeo-records. | Widespread and abundant emergent perennial of still or slow-flowing fresh, brackish or saline water to depth of 50 cm. Can grow out over over water. Also common on damp or drying ground. Flowering all year except late winter, producing fruit from spring to late winter. Flowers yellow. Lower leaves often succulent. | Inner ribbed cypselas shown, outer winged cypselas not shown. | Heyligers, P. (1995) Waterbuttons, Cotula coronopifolia. Indigenotes. 8: 2-4. Romanowski, N. (1994) Cotula coronopifolia: return of a native. Indigenotes. 7: 2-3. Romanowski, N. (1995) More on waterbuttons, Cotula coronopifolia. Indigenotes. 8: 6-7. Walsh, N. G. and Entwisle, T. J. (1999) 'Flora of Victoria volume 4. Dicotyledons, Cornaceae to Asteraceae'. Inkata Press, Melbourne. Cypsela illustrated but very small, p. 933, Figure 190b. Ross, J. H. and Walsh, N. G. (2003) 'A Census of the Vascular Plants of Victoria' (seventh edition). National Herbarium of Victoria, Royal Botanic Gardens, South Yarra. Sainty, G. R. and Jacobs, S. W. L. (1981) 'Waterplants of New South Wales'. Water Resources Commission, N. S. W. |
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| 8 | Dianella longifolia | R. Br. | Pale Flax-lily, Smooth Flax-lily | Phormiaceae | 2.5-4.0 | black | smooth | glossy | hard | Dianella longifolia present in seed reference collection. | Monocotyledon with linear leaves forming loose tufts to c. 1.5 m high. Inflorescence a cymose panicle. Fruit a blue ovoid to globular berry 3-7 mm long. | |||||||||
| 9 | Eleocharis acuta | R. Br. | - | Common Spike-rush | Cyperaceae | 1.0-1.7 | 0.8-1.2 | obovate (broad-obovoid) | plano-convex to biconvex (angles obtuse) | straw, yellow, tan or brown | finely pitted | semi-glossy (shining) | hard, thick | hypogynous bristles with whorls of retrorse teeth | Style base ~0.4-0.6 mm high, 0.5-0.6 mm wide. | Pits form longitudinally striations. The thickened style-base which remains attached to the nut is characteristic of this genus. Present in seed reference collection. Hypogynous bristles 6-9 flattened below, rather unequal, same or longer than style-base, occasionally reduced or absent. | Common rhizomatous perennial rush less than 1 metre tall, in lowland Victoria, found along watercourses and on moist ground, swamps and lake margins. Persistent style-base ovate-triangular. Flowering in spring-summer. | Persistent style-base (top, fawn coloured) and hypogynous bristles visible. See 'Additional Images'. | Blake, S. T. (1939) A monograph of the genus Eleocharis in Australia and New Zealand. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Queensland, 50: 88-132. Nut illustrated in Waterplants of New South Wales, p. 439, number 17 (photograph). Sainty, G. R. and Jacobs, S. W. L. (1981) 'Waterplants of New South Wales'. Water Resources Commission, N. S. W. | |
| 10 | Eucalyptus viminalis | Labill. | - | Manna Gum | Myrtaceae | to 3 mm | broadly elliptic | tan to dark brown | reticulate/ finely punctate | semi-glossy | Capsule: brown to 0.8 cm long, 0.9 cm in diameter. Three or four valves, exserted, rim distinct. | Seeds irregular, sizes shapes and colours vary. Chaff often more elongate/linear than seeds. See Boland et al. (1980) for description of diffent seed types occurring within a single capsule. Present in seed reference collection. | Tree to 50 m tall with smooth bark. Juvenile leaves yellowish opposite and sessile, adult leaves dark green, alternate and petiolate, both forms lanceolate. Common canopy plant of woodland and forest of the Western Plains, e.g. it is the only eucalypt present at Lake Surprise. | Seeds and some chaff shown below. See 'Additional Images' for seeds, chaff and capsules. | Boland, D. J., Brooker, M. I. H. and Turnbull, J. W. (1980) 'Eucalyptus seed'. CSIRO, Australia. | |||||
| 11 | Euchiton gymnocephalus | (DC.) Anderb. | Gnaphalium gymnocephalum,G. collinum,G. japonicum | Creeping Cudweed | Asteraceae (Compositae) | ~1 | elliptic | light to dark brown | sparsely scattered short hairs | Not in seed reference collection. | Herbaceous daisy. Leaves in a basal rosette, persistent when flowering. Leaves cottony on underside. Bracts only a little longer than flowering head. | Minute white hairs are visible on the surface | ||||||||
| 12 | *Galium aparine | L. | - | Cleavers | Rubiaceae | 2-2.5 | hemispherical | grey | reticulate | hooked hairs cover surface (see photo below) | Two mericarps are joined on their ventral side to form the fruit. An image of the ventral side of a mericarp is shown in 'Additional Images'. Present in seed reference collection. | Native of Europe and central Asia. Scrambling annual, stems to 1.5 m long with retrorse prickles along ridges. Oblanceolate leaves in whorls also with tiny hooked hairs. | Mericarp shown below, dorsal view shown. Hooked hairs visible. See 'Additional Images'. | |||||||
| 13 | *Helminthotheca echioides | (L.) Holub | Picris echioides | Ox-tongue | Asteraceae (Compositae) | 5-7 | ~1 | obovoid to fusiform | tan | wavy latitudinal ridges | semi-glossy | pappus white, 4-7 mm long, bristles plumose | Latitudinal ridges on cypsela are wavy not straight and upward pointing. Long stem from cypsela to pappus. Present in seed reference collection. | Native to Europe, Asia and Africa. Annual to perennial herb 30-100 cm high. Basal leaf margins dentate. Ligulate florets are bisexual and yellow. | Cypselas shown below. See 'Additional Images' for an immature cypsela with pappus attached. | Holzapfel, S. (1994) A revision of the genus Picris (Asteraceae, Lactuceae) s.l. in Australia. Willdenowia. 24: 97-218. | ||||
| 14 | *Hypericum perforatum | L. | - | St. John's Wort | Hypericaceae | 1 | 0.4 | oblong (rounded at ends) | circular | black to pale brown | reticulate | semi-glossy | Not in seed reference collection. | Native to Europe. Herb to c. 80 cm tall. Yellow flowers occur in corymbose cymes. | Anderberg, A. L. (1994) 'Atlas of seeds and small fruits of Northwest-European plant species with morphological descriptions, Part 4 Resedaceae-Umbelliferae'. Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, p. 86-87, Pl. 109-110. Webb, C. J. and Simpson, M. J. A. (2001) 'Seeds of New Zealand gymnosperms and dicotyledons'. Manuka Press in cooperation with The Caxton Press, Christchurch, p. 165-167, Pl. 60:6-9. | |||||
| 15 | Juncus bufonius | L. | - | Toad Rush | Juncaceae | 0.3-0.5 | elliptic | almost circular | fawn to tan | faint longitudinal ridges | Present in seed reference collection. Seeds have very fine longitudinal and transverse ridges and are minutely apiculate at one or both ends. | Tufted or single stemmed annual with erect culms to 30 cm high. Found in permanently or seasonally damp sites. Seeds generally shed Nov. - Mar. | See 'Additional Images'. | |||||||
| 16 | Juncus pallidus | R. Br. | - | Pale Rush | Juncaceae | <0.5 | narrowly elliptic | fawn/tan, dark brown at ends | parallel ridges, scalariform | Parallel ridges on surface are a uniform distance apart throughout their length. The seeds of this species are far more elongate than those of J. bufonius and the longitudinal surface texture is far more pronounced. Present in seed reference collection. | Tufted robust perennial with bluish-green erect culms 50 -220 cm tall, continuous pith within. Golden-brown capsules 2.8-3.5 mm long longer than or equal to tepals. Seeds shed Dec. - Apr. | See 'Additional Images'. | ||||||||
| 17 | Myriophyllum integrifolium | (Hook. f.) Hook. f. | - | Tiny Water-milfoil | Haloragaceae | 0.6-1 | ovoid | yellow-brown to reddish | smooth to minutely granular | 'Seed' as described above is a mericarp. Globular fruit. Not in seed reference collection. | Small plant with stems 2 cm high. Leaves alternate. | Anderberg, A. L. (1994) 'Atlas of seeds and small fruits of Northwest-European plant species with morphological descriptions, Part 4 Resedaceae-Umbelliferae'. Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, p. 98-99, Pl. 124. Romanowski, N. (1998) 'Aquatic and wetland plants, a field guide for non-tropical Australia'. University of New South Wales Press, Sydney. pp. 49-56. Walsh, N. G. and Entwisle, T. J. (1996) 'Flora of Victoria volume 3. Dicotyledons, Winteraceae to Myrtaceae'. Inkata Press, Melbourne. | ||||||||
| 18 | Myriophyllum salsugineum | Orchard | Myriophyllum elatinoides | Lake Water-milfoil | Haloragaceae | 2-2.5 | ovoid | deep purplish-black | smooth to minutely papillose | 'Seed' as described above is a mericarp. Fruit, a schizocarp dividing into four mericarps upon ripening. Present in seed reference collection. | A submerged aquatic, usually found in deeper waters. Foliage is deep green in colour. | Two mericarps shown here. See 'Additional Images' for mericarp sections and schizocarp. | Anderberg, A. L. (1994) 'Atlas of seeds and small fruits of Northwest-European plant species with morphological descriptions, Part 4 Resedaceae-Umbelliferae'. Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, p. 98-99, Pl. 124. Romanowski, N. (1998) 'Aquatic and wetland plants, a field guide for non-tropical Australia'. University of New South Wales Press, Sydney. pp. 49-56. Walsh, N. G. and Entwisle, T. J. (1996) 'Flora of Victoria volume 3. Dicotyledons, Winteraceae to Myrtaceae'. Inkata Press, Melbourne. | |||||||
| 19 | Myriophyllum verrucosum | Lindl. in T. Mitch. | - | Red Water-milfoil | Haloragaceae | 0.9-1.1 | cylindric | straw, red or grey | irregular (with warts and ridges) | 'Seed' described above is a mericarp. Fruit, a schizocarp, composed of four mericarps is cubic. Present in seed reference collection. Can be poisonous to stock as contains hydrogen cyanide. | Common perennial aquatic species, growing at depths of up to two metres in nutrient-rich waters. With both emergent and submerged leaves. Found in fresh or brackish water or on damp mud near waterbodies. Flowers Septmeber to December. | Side view of schizocarp (left) and aerial view of schizocarp (right). | Anderberg, A. L. (1994) 'Atlas of seeds and small fruits of Northwest-European plant species with morphological descriptions, Part 4 Resedaceae-Umbelliferae'. Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, p. 98-99, Pl. 124. Romanowski, N. (1998) 'Aquatic and wetland plants, a field guide for non-tropical Australia'. University of New South Wales Press, Sydney. pp. 49-56. Walsh, N. G. and Entwisle, T. J. (1996) 'Flora of Victoria volume 3. Dicotyledons, Winteraceae to Myrtaceae'. Inkata Press, Melbourne. | |||||||
| 20 | Persicaria decipiens | (R. Br.) K. L. Wilson | Polygonum minimus | Slender Knotweed | Polygonaceae | 1.5-2.5 | to 1.5 | ovate | trigonous to biconvex | black to brown | glabrous, smooth | glossy | hard | Present in seed reference collection. 'Seed' described above is a nut. | Procumbent or erect emergent aquatic perennial with lanceolate leaves that often have dark markings. Pink flowers in spikes. Common and widespread in Victoria in winter-wet areas, around margins of swamps and lagoons, and along permanent watercourses. Flowers December to April. | Aerial view shown on right | Berggren, G. (1981) 'Atlas of seeds and small fruits of Northwest-European plant species with morphological descriptions, Part 3 Salicaceae-Cruciferae'. Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, p. 26-29, Pl. 15-17. Wilson, K.L. (1990) Some widespread species of Persicaria (Polygonaceae) and their allies. Kew Bulletin.45(4): 621-636. Nut illustrated in Waterplants of New South Wales, p. 443, number 56 (photograph). Sainty, G. R. and Jacobs, S. W. L. (1981) 'Waterplants of New South Wales'. Water Resources Commission, N. S. W. | |||
| 21 | Potamogeton ochreatus | Raoul | P. obtusifolius, P. furcatus | Blunt Pondweed | Potamogetonaceae | c. 4 | elliptic | lenticular | brown | smooth to tuberculate | dull to satiny | beak | Notes from Walsh and Entwisle (1994, p. 152) - "basally smooth or with 3 low, smooth or faintly tuberculate dorsal ridges, distally with a conspicuous, slender, +/- curved point c. 1 mm long". | Fruiting carpel is described above; length includes distal point. Carpel has a more or less curved distal point c. 1mm in length. Present in seed reference collection. | Found in still to flowing fresh water, in swamps, lakes and rivers of up to 5 metres, on muddy to gravelly substrates. Tolerant of slightly saline water (around 2000 ppm total dissolved salts). Submerged aquatic annual or perennial herb with linear leaves. Both flowers and fruits occurs from (August-) October to March (-April). | For a close up of carpel see 'Additional Images'. | Aston, H. I. (1973) 'Aquatic plants of Australia, a guide to the identification of the aquatic ferns and flowering plants of Australia, both native and naturalized'. Melbourne University Press, Victoria, p. 275-290. Walsh, N. G. and Entwisle, T. J. (1994) 'Flora of Victoria volume 2. Ferns and allied plants, conifers and monocotyledons'. Inkata Press, Melbourne, p. 147-152. Carpel illustrated p. 151, Figure 31 l. Fruiting carpel illustrated in Waterplants of New South Wales, p. 444, number 60 (photograph). Sainty, G. R. and Jacobs, S. W. L. (1981) 'Waterplants of New South Wales'. Water Resources Commission, N. S. W. | |||
| 22 | Selliera radicans | Cav. | Goodenia radicans | Shiny Swamp-mat | Goodeniaceae | c. 2 | circular to elliptic | flattened, compressed | pale orange-yellow to egg yellow | marginal wing encircling seed | Wing of seeds very mucilaginous and can stick effectively to animals, so may be dispersed this way (Carolin, 2007). Wing lighter in colour than body of seed; often not preserved in fossil specimens. Present in seed reference collection. | Trans-Pacific distribution, possibly resulting from seabrids seed transport. In Victoria found in coastal saltmarshes and damp ground near lakes, dams and streams, highland swamps. Plant regularly produces its fleshy fruit in abundance, these are indehiscent or split eventually. Flowers October to April. | Carolin, R. C. (2007) Goodeniaceae. In: Kadereit, J. W. and Jeffrey, C. (Eds.). 'The families and genera of vascular plants. Volume VIII. Flowering plants. Eudicots. Asterales'.Springer, Berlin, p. 589-598. Full text (pdf) available: http://www.springerlink.com/content/h28r3xhq7566rvm3/fulltext.pdf Webb, C. J. and Simpson, M. J. A. (2001) 'Seeds of New Zealand gymnosperms and dicotyledons'. Manuka Press in cooperation with The Caxton Press, Christchurch, p. 214, Pl. 84: 4. Cheeseman, T. F. (1877) On the fertilisation of Selliera. Transactions of the New Zealand Institute, 9, 542-545. --> In New Zealand species abundantly produces flowers throughout the summer months, growing along the high-tide mark of shallow inlets and bays. Flowers produce both nectar and scent so that pollen may be efficiently dispersed by insects. 60 species of insect have been observed visiting flowers of this species, particularly Diptera. Ogden, J. (1974) Observations on two coastal ecotypes of Selliera radicans Cav. (Goodeniaceae) growing in the Manawatu District of New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Botany, 12, 541-550. --> Lists species that it grows in association with in NZ. | |||||||
| 23 | *Rorippa palustris | (L.) Besser | Rorippa islandica, Sisymbrium amphibium | Marsh Yellow-cress, Yellow Marsh-cress | Brassicaceae (Cruciferae) | 0.6-0.9 | 0.4-0.6 | elliptic with basal notch | straw-coloured to red-brown | colliculate | semi-glossy, light reflecting off protrusions | soft | Raised circles on surface in more or less circular rows following the outline of the seed. Present in seed reference collection. Seeds in 2 rows and not mucous. | Annual or biennial herb native to Northern Hemisphere and New Zealand. Plant to 60 cm high, leaves with dentate margins, basal leaves deeply incised. Fruit oblong to ellipsoid 4-9 mm long, 2-3 mm wide. Found in swampy, wet areas and flowers mostly spring-summer. | Many seeds shown beow. See 'Additional Images' for more seeds and transverse section of a seed. | Berggren, G. (1981) 'Atlas of seeds and small fruits of Northwest-European plant species with morphological descriptions, Part 3 Salicaceae-Cruciferae'. Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, p. 131-133, Pl. 81 and 103. Webb, C. J. and Simpson, M. J. A. (2001) 'Seeds of New Zealand gymnosperms and dicotyledons'. Manuka Press in cooperation with The Caxton Press, Christchurch, p. 151, Pl. 52:8. Hewson, H. J. (1982) Brassicaceae (Cruciferae). In: 'Flora of Australia', vol. 8, ed. George, A. S., Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra, pp. 231-357. Retter, L. (1990) Brassicaceae. In: 'Flora of New South Wales', vol. 1, ed. Harden, G. J., New South Wales University Press, Kensington, pp. 459-486. | ||||
| 24 | *Rosa rubiginosa | L. | - | Sweet Briar | Rosaceae | 4-5 | 2 | elliptic, irregular, angular | yellow-brown | dull to satiny | hard | fine hairs | Present in seed reference collection. | Erect shrub to 3 m tall, stems covered in curved prickles. Leaves pinnate, 5-7 foliolate. Flowers are pink and 5-petalled. Red hip ovoid to globose, 15-20 mm long with glandular hairs. Native to Europe, found on the Stony Rises of the volcanic plains, e.g. at Lake Surprise and Tyrendarra Swamp. | Anderberg, A. L. (1994) 'Atlas of seeds and small fruits of Northwest-European plant species with morphological descriptions, Part 4 Resedaceae-Umbelliferae'. Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, p. 24. | |||||
| 25 | Rumex brownii | Campd. | R. fimbriatus, R. brownianus | Slender Dock | Polygonaceae | 1.5-2.5 | trigonous | tan to brown | glabrous | semi-glossy to glossy | Fruiting valve (perianth segments): 2.5-4 mm long, 1.5-3 mm wide (excluding teeth). Triangular in shape. 3-5 strongly hooked teeth present along each side of fruiting valve. | 'Seed' described above a nut. Present in seed reference collection. | Widespread and common along watercourses, depressions and other moist ground. One few branched stem to c. 1 m high. Inflorescence to c. 70 cm, flower whorls generally 1-5 cm apart. Basal leaves oblong to narrowly-ovate. | Nut shown below. See 'Additional Images' for aerial view of nut, fruiting valves and nuts. | Rechinger, K. H. (1984) Rumex (Polygonaceae) in Australia: a reconsideration. Nuytsia, 5: 75-122. For introduced species such as R. crispus, R. conglomeratus, R.obtusifolius and R. pulcher, see: Berggren, G. (1981) 'Atlas of seeds and small fruits of Northwest-European plant species with morphological descriptions, Part 3 Salicaceae-Cruciferae'. Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, p. 20-25, Pl. 10-13. | |||||
| 26 | Ruppia tuberosa | J. S. Davis & Toml. | - | Potamogetonaceae (Ruppiaceae) | (1.2-) 1.8-2 (-2.5) | 0.7-1.5 | ovate or regularly flask-shaped | 4-angled, rounded edges | dark brown to straw coloured | verrucose | semi-glossy | fruit with pronounced apical beak | Fruit is sessile (only species of Ruppia that is sessile) and when young has prominent transversely ridged lateral crest. Dark brown seed found within the outer layer described above. This seed is easily fractured | Vertically oriented, slightly raised tan markings on surface are very shiny. Beak 2-fid. In aerial view, 4 gentle ribs can be seen extending from top down sides. Present in seed reference collection. Shape of fruit very different from other Ruppia species, and produced early spring. | Annual or short-lived perennial herb occurring in small brackish swamps, saline lakes and marshes. Subsessile or sessile, stalk not elongating like other species of Ruppia. In WA found in water 20-21 degrees celsius, 7.6-60 cm deep, 92-132 ppt dissolved salts = 2.6-4 times salinity of sea-water. | See also 'Additional Images'. | Walsh, N. G. and Entwisle, T. J. (1994) 'Flora of Victoria volume 2. Ferns and allied plants, conifers and monocotyledons'. Inkata Press, Melbourne, p. 152-155. Fruiting carpel illustrated p. 154, Figure 32i (line drawing). Jacobs, S. W. L. and Brock, M. A. (1982) A revision of the genus Ruppia (Potamogetonaceae) in Australia. Aquatic Botany, 14: 325-337. Brock, M. A. (1982) Biology of the salinity tolerant genus Ruppia L. in saline lakes in South Australia. I. Morphological variation within and between species and ecophysiology. Aquatic Botany, 13: 219-248. Brock, M. A. (1982) Biology of the salinity tolerant genus Ruppia L. in saline lakes in South Australia. II. Population ecology and reproductive biology. Aquatic Botany, 13: 249-268. Davis, J. S. and Tomlinson, P. B. (1974) A new species of Ruppia in high salinity in Western Australia. Journal of the Arnold Arboretum, 55, 59-66. Figure 9 details fruiting head (line drawing). --> at time of flowering, anthers are shed and can form yellow films on the water surface when blown by the wind. | |||
| 27 | Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani | (Vahl.) A. & D. Love | Schoeno. validus, Scirpus validus, Scir. Lacustris | River Club-rush | Cyperaceae | 2-2.5 | 1.2-1.5 | obovoid | plano-convex | grey to dark-brown | scalariform | glossy | very hard | hypogynous bristles (5-6) | Bristles retrorsely scabrous and slightly longer than or equal to nut. Present in seed reference collection. | Tall rhizomatous perennial with erect terete culms 100-200 cm tall. Commonly occurring along fresh and brackish rivers, lakes and swamps, bases often submerged. Flowers and fruits in summer. | See 'Additional Images'. | Wilson, K. L. (1981) A synopsis of the genus Scirpus sens. lat. (Cyperaceae) in Australia. Telopea. 2: 153-172. Nuts illustrated in Waterplants of New South Wales, p. 439, number 24 (photograph). Sainty, G. R. and Jacobs, S. W. L. (1981) 'Waterplants of New South Wales'. Water Resources Commission, N. S. W. | ||
| 28 | Isolepis marginata | (Thunb.) A. Dietr. | Scipus antarcticus, Scirpus marginata | - | Cyperaceae | 0.8-1.2 | 0.5-0.7 | obovate, broad-ellipsoid | equally trigonous | tan, pale or dark brown | tuberculate | +/- shining | The nuts of this species are described above. Angles are subacute. Nuts obovoid, ellipsoid or broad-ellipsoid. Surface minutely roughened or reticulate. Not in seed reference collection. | Small tufted annual with filiform culms to 10 cm high. Spikelets 1-6 per inflorescence, 3-7 mm long. Found in heathy woodlands on light soils, more tolerant of dry conditions than other species of Isoepis. Walsh and Entwisle (1994) note that it is not clear whether native or introduced (p. 320); status uncertain (Ross and Walsh 2003). | Three nuts shown below. See 'Additional Images' for picture of seed and aerial view of nut. | Walsh, N. G. and Entwisle, T. J. (1994) 'Flora of Victoria volume 2. Ferns and allied plants, conifers and monocotyledons'. Inkata Press, Melbourne, p. 316, Figure 65 l. (nut illustrated, line drawing). | ||||
| 29 | Isolepis cernua | (Vahl.) Roem. & Schult. | Scirpus cernuus, Scirpus psammophilus | Nodding Club-rush | Cyperaceae | 0.8-1.0 | 0.5-0.8 | obovoid, broad-ellipsoid | unequally trigonous | tan to grey | minutely scalariform reticulate | glistening | Seed described above a nut. Transverse section - unequally trigonous with third angle usually obvious. Surface texture, longitudinal striations of small pits, more pronounced than in Isolepis marginata. Present in seed reference collection. | Small tufted or clump-forming perennial with filiform culms 2-20 cm high. One spikelet 2-6 mm long. Usually found on wet ground, often brackish to subsaline, often near coast, in cooler southern areas. | Seed shown. See 'Additional images' for photos of nuts and aerial view | Walsh, N. G. and Entwisle, T. J. (1994) 'Flora of Victoria volume 2. Ferns and allied plants, conifers and monocotyledons'. Inkata Press, Melbourne, p. 316, Figure 65 c. (nut illustrated, line drawing). | ||||
| 30 | Wahlenbergia | Bluebell | Campanulaceae | 0.5 | ~0.2 | elliptic | flattened lenticular | brown | glossy | Three species of Wahlenbergia present in seed reference collection. | This species found growing on basaltic rock faces at Lake Surprise. Tufted herb with fine stems and blue flowers. | |||||||||
| 31 | Typha domingensis | Pers. | Typha brownii, T. anugustifolia var. brownii | Narrowleaf cumbungi, Gumbung | Typhaceae | 1 | 0.2 | cream blotched with red-brown | satiny | very soft | pale hairs in irregular whorls near base | Seed description to be added in separate entry. | Fruit described above, is a one-seeded follicle. Hairs persistent after flowering, useful for wind dispersal. Sterile female flower club-shaped. Present in seed reference collection. Provides food source and habitat for animals. | Erect emergent perennial aquatic to 4 m tall, with branching rhizomes, leaves linear. Mature female spikes 0.5-2 cm diameter, length 6-20 times diameter. Stigmas linear, cf. T. orientis. Found in still or slow-flowing fresh or brackish water to 2 m deep in ponds, seepage areas or along creeks or drainage lines. Flowers throughout the year but mostly Septmember to May. | Fruit: Infetile (bulbous, flattened top) and fertile (pointed, elongated tip) shown. See 'Additional Images'. | Briggs, B. G. and Johnson, L. A. S. (1968) The status and relationship of the Australian species of Typha. Contributions from the New South Wales Herbarium, 4: 57-69. Finlayson, M., Forrester, R. I., Mitchell, D. S. and Chick, A. J. (1985) Identification of native Typha species in Australia. Australian Journal of Botany, 33: 101-107. | ||||
| 32 | Typha orientalis | C. Presl | Typha angustifolia sensu Willis, T. muelleri | Broadleaf Cumbungi | Typhaceae | 1 | ~0.2 | cream blotched with red-brown | satiny | very soft | pale hairs in irregular whorls near base | Seed description to be added in separate entry. Seeds were common in SA sediment samples. | Fruit described above, is a one-seeded follicle. Tuft of fine white hairs remain attached; allows for dispersal by wind. Present in seed reference collection. Seeds are produced in the female or lower section of the spike. | Erect emergent perennial aquatic to 4 m tall, with branching rhizomes, leaves linear. Mature female spikes 1-3 cm diameter, 5-10 times diameter in length. Stigmas narrow-obovate. Found in fresh or brackish water to 2 m deep, in swamps, along creeks and drainage lines. Flowers from Summer to Autumn. | Fruit with pappus shown. See also 'Additional Images'. | Briggs, B. G. and Johnson, L. A. S. (1968) The status and relationship of the Australian species of Typha. Contributions from the New South Wales Herbarium, 4, pp. 57-69. Finlayson, M., Forrester, R. I., Mitchell, D. S. and Chick, A. J. (1985) Identification of native Typha species in Australia. Australian Journal of Botany, 33: 101-107. One spike can produce up to 200,000 seeds with high viability (Sainty, G. R. and Jacobs, S. W. L. (1981) 'Waterplants of New South Wales'. Water Resources Commission, N. S. W.) - Prunster R W 1940 The Control of cumbungi (Typha spp.) in irrigation channels. Journal Scientific and Industrial Research, 13: 1-6. Also, Yeo, RR, 1964 Life history of common cattail. Weeds, 12:284. | ||||
| 33 | Senecio minimus | Poir. | Erechtites premnanthoides | - | Asteraceae (Compositae) | 1.7-2.2 | cylindric to fusiform | lenticular with rounded ends and ridges | dark reddish-brown | longitudinal ridges | soft | white pappus 4.5-6 mm long, bristles barbellate | Sparse, fine white hairs are scattered along ridges. White rim around top of cypsela where pappus connects. Pappus deciduous. Present in seed reference collection. | A common colonizer following fire or soil disturbance. Prefers moist or shaded sites. Erect aromatic annual from 30 to 120 cm tall. Bisexual and unisexual florets. | See 'Additional Images'. | Webb, C. J. and Simpson, M. J. A. (2001) 'Seeds of New Zealand gymnosperms and dicotyledons'. Manuka Press in cooperation with The Caxton Press, Christchurch, p. 128, Pl. 42:2. | ||||
| 34 | Senecio odoratus var. odoratus | Hornem. | - | Scented Grounsel | Asteraceae (Compositae) | 1.8-2.5 | 0.5-0.6 | cylindric | dark brown | short hairs in rows | white pappus 5-7 mm long, deciduous | White rim around top of cypsela where pappus connects. Not in seed reference collection. | Bushy to sprawling aromatic subshrub to 1 m high, more or less glaucous all over. All florets bisexual. | Single cysela shown | Webb, C. J. and Simpson, M. J. A. (2001) 'Seeds of New Zealand gymnosperms and dicotyledons'. Manuka Press in cooperation with The Caxton Press, Christchurch, p. 126-131, Pl. 41-42. | |||||
| 35 | Senecio pinnatifolius | A. Rich. | Senecio lautus | Variable Groundsel | Asteraceae (Compositae) | 2.5-3 | cylindric | circular | tan, brown, green and red | longitudinal ridges | white hairs along longitudiunal ridges and pappus | Pappus c. 5 mm long, deciduous. Present in seed reference collection. | As the common name implies, this species has very variable leaf morphology. Erect annual or perennial to c. 1 m high. Yellow flowers of both ray and disc florets. | Many cypselas shown on left, single cypsela on right | Ali, S. I. (1969) Senecio lautus complex in Australia. V. Taxonomic interpretations. Australian Journal of Botany. 17: 161-176. Belcher, R. O. (1994) The Senecio aff. lautus complex in Australia. II. Classification of names given to pseudolautusoid Australian specimens of Senecio by Richard and by Candolle. Australian Systematic Botany. 7: 71-85. Webb, C. J. and Simpson, M. J. A. (2001) 'Seeds of New Zealand gymnosperms and dicotyledons'. Manuka Press in cooperation with The Caxton Press, Christchurch, p. 127, Pl. 41:11. | |||||
| 36 | *Verbascum virgatum | Stokes in With. | - | Twiggy Mullein, Green Mullein | Scrophulariaceae | to 1 | to 0.8 | brown | rugose | dull | Surface scalariform between deep furrows and ridges. Present in seed reference collection. | Native to western Europe. Erect biennial 1-2 m high. Woody-looking spike of yellow flowers with purple centres. Capsules globose, 5-8 mm long, glandular-hairy. | Many seeds shown | |||||||
| 37 | *Veronica catenata | Pennell | - | Pink Water-speedwell | (Plantaginaceae) Scrophulariaceae | to 0.8 | to 0.5 | elliptic to ovate | narrowly elliptic to lenticular | yellow-brown to straw-coloured | granulate | semi-glossy | soft | Attachment scar seen towards one end. Present in seed reference collection. | Found in flowing water, on swampy ground and stream banks. Rhizomatous perennial with hollow stems to 100 cm high. Recorded at Lake Surprise. | See 'Additional Images'. | Cook, D. K. (1990) 'Aquatic plant book'. SPB Academic Publishing, The Hague, The Netherlands. P. 214-215. Briggs, B.G. and Ehrendorfer, F. (2006) New Australian species and typifications in Veronica sens. lat. (Plantaginaceae). Telopea 11(3): 276-292. | |||
| 38 | Urtica incisa | Poir. In Lam. | - | Scrub Nettle | Urticaceae | 1.5 | 1.0 | ovate | white to yellowish | finely pitted-granular/protrusions | semi-glossy | soft | Thin outer coat easily removed, finely pitted and wrinkled. Sepals/bracts persistent on young fruit (green). Older straw coloured to brown, very wrinkled and finely (small) warty. | Present in seed reference collection. | Found along lake margins and on stony rises. Monoecious perennial herb to 100 cm high. The lanceolate leaves are toothed, and both the leaves and stems are covered in stinging hairs. | See 'Additional Images'. | Chew, W. -L. (1989) Urticaceae. In: 'Flora of Australia', vol. 3., George, A. S. (Ed.), Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra, pp. 68-93. | |||
| 39 | Solanum laciniatum | Aiton | - | Large Kangaroo-apple | Solanaceae | 2-2.5 | tan | ridges of small bumps | semi-glossy | Ridges on surface +/- concentrically arranged, following the outline of the seed, composed of small, circular lumps. Stone-cell granules also present within fruit, 2-2.5 mm long. In contrast, both the seeds and stone-cell granules of Solanum aviculare, another common Victorian species, are 1-1.5 mm in length. Present in seed reference collection. | Terrestrial shrub to 3 metres, leaves glossy, deeply lobed. Purple, 5-petalled flowers are notched. Fruit a berry, 15-20 mm diameter, turning orange when ripe. | See 'Additional Images'. | ||||||||
| 40 | *Solanum nigrum | L. | - | Black Nightshade | Solanaceae | 1.8-2.2 | to 1.5 | more or less circular with notch | transversely narrowly elliptic | straw, yellowish or fawn | reticulate, pitted | semi-glossy | Stone-cell granules rarely present. Present in seed reference collection. | Native to Europe. White flower 8-12 mm diameter. Globose berry black, 6-8 mm diameter. | See 'Additional Images'. | |||||
| 41 | *Sonchus asper | (L.) Hill | Sonchus oleraceus var. asper | Rough Sow-thistle | Asteraceae (Compositae) | 2-3 | 1.5 | elliptic | lenticular but flattened on outer margins | beige to light brown | longitudinal striae, scalariform | semi-glossy | pappus wispy, 7-9 mm long | Cypsela with 3 prominent ridges (longitudinal) on central portion, margins flattened. Very fine hairs on margins and ridges more or less retrorse. Tranverse section while being lenticular in central portion (on which 3 ridges are present) is fairly flat and continues to flatten away from centre towards winged edges. Present in seed reference collection. | Introduced daisy with basal rosette and yellow compound flowers. Milky substance excreted when hollow stems are snapped. Ligules shorter than corolla tube. | See 'Additional Images'. | Webb, C. J. and Simpson, M. J. A. (2001) 'Seeds of New Zealand gymnosperms and dicotyledons'. Manuka Press in cooperation with The Caxton Press, Christchurch, p. 133, Pl. 43:8. | |||
| 42 | *Sonchus oleraceus | L. | - | Sow Thistle | Asteraceae (Compositae) | 2.5-4 | to 1 | obovate | flattened | tan | ribbed/sulcate | pappus white, 5-8 mm long, persistent | Cypsela; three longitudinal ridges on both surfaces. Surface more or less rugose/ruminate "transversely wrinkled" but with almost serrate protrusions along margins. Pappus bristles with tiny hairs at right angles. Present in seed reference collection. | Native to Europe and Asia. Daisy to 140 cm high. Ligules equal to corolla tube. | See 'Additional Images'. | |||||
| 43 | *Taraxacum | Dandelion | Asteraceae (Compositae) | to 3.4 | to 1.1 | narrowly elliptic to rhombic | olive green | scalariform | dull to satiny | pappus to 1.7 mm | Cypsela: 7-8 longitudinal ridges, protruding spines along margins which reduce in length towards base of cypsela. Pappus straw-coloured to white, pappus stem to 1 cm. Present in seed reference collection. | Introduced daisy that is widespread throughout Victoria. Plant consisting of basal rosette. Flowering stalks with one yellow compound head per stem. Originally grouped into Taraxacum officinale but now divided, see Walsh and Entwisle (1999) for details on individual species. | See 'Additional Images' for close up of cypselas and those with pappus attahced. | Webb, C. J. and Simpson, M. J. A. (2001) 'Seeds of New Zealand gymnosperms and dicotyledons'. Manuka Press in cooperation with The Caxton Press, Christchurch, p. 133, Pl. 43:9. | ||||||
| 44 | Triglochin striata | Ruiz & Pav. | - | Streaked Arrowgrass | Juncaginaceae | 1.5-3 | 1.5-2.4 | subglobular to ovoid | dark brown to straw-coloured | dull | Carpels and seeds, see images. | Fruit described above. Carpels ~2 mm in length, 1 mm in width. Pedicel of fruit (1-)1.5-3 mm long. Present in seed reference collection. | Perennial herb 12-37 cm high with terete leaves. Scape to 15 cm long. Found in moist places, swamps and saltmarshes. | Carpels and fruit shown below. For photos of seed and carpels of a variant see 'Additional Images'. | Romanowski, N. (1998) 'Aquatic and wetland plants, a field guide for non-tropical Australia'. University of New South Wales Press, Sydney. pp. 64-68. Fruiting carpel illustrated in Waterplants of New South Wales, p. 443, number 50 (photograph). Sainty, G. R. and Jacobs, S. W. L. (1981) 'Waterplants of New South Wales'. Water Resources Commission, N. S. W. | |||||
| 45 | Triglochin procera | R. Br. | - | Water Ribbons,Nareli,Pol-an-go | Juncaginaceae | to 5 mm | straw | longitudinal ridges, wrinkled | dull | Fruit to 1.5 cm including pedicel. ~7 carpels per fruit, twisted around each other. Carpels yellow-brown, greenish along dorsal surface. 1.2 cm long, 4 mm wide. Surface reticulate to scalariform. | Seed has dark spot at one end. Present in seed reference collection. Seeds germinate readily in shallow water. Pedicel of fruit 2-5 mm long. | Emergent robust aquatic perennial herb with linear strap-like, floating leaves to 350 cm long. Scape, a spike up to 145 cm long. Occurs in still to slow-flowing fresh water, in swamps, lakes and streams to 2 m deep, but can withstand dry periods. Provides some habitat for fish and waterbirds. | Carpel (top) and seed (bottom) shown on left, transverse section of seed (right). See 'Additional Images'. | Romanowski, N. (1998) 'Aquatic and wetland plants, a field guide for non-tropical Australia'. University of New South Wales Press, Sydney. pp. 64-68. Aston, H. I. (1993) New Australian species of Triglochin L. (Juncaginaceae) formerly included in T. procerum R. Br. Muelleria, 8(1), 85-97. Fruiting carpel illustrated in Waterplants of New South Wales, p. 443, number 49 (photograph). Sainty, G. R. and Jacobs, S. W. L. (1981) 'Waterplants of New South Wales'. Water Resources Commission, N. S. W. Walsh, N. G. and Entwisle, T. J. (1994) 'Flora of Victoria volume 2. Ferns and allied plants, conifers and monocotyledons'. Inkata Press, Melbourne --> Each infructescence contains c. 52-320 fruits with 3-7 carpels. | ||||||
| 46 | Eleocharis sphacelata | R. Br. | - | Tall Spike-rush | Cyperaceae | 2-2.7 | 1.8-2.5 | obovoid to orbicular | biconvex (lenticular?) | straw-coloured to dark golden brown | style-base and hypogynous bristles | 'Seed' a nut. Style-base - from one-half as long as to equalling and about two-thirds as wide as nut. External cells irregularly isodiametric, often elongated vertically in no regular series. Hypogynous bristles - 8 to 10 reaching at least to top of style-base, sparsely but regularly toothed, united at base. Present in seed reference collection. | Perennial aquatic with transveresly septate terete culms, flowering in Spring-Summer. Found in slow-moving freshwater at depths to 5 m or more, often on muddy substrates (but growing in shallow water also). Widespread from sea-level to sub-alps. Often forms dense stands, thus providing good habitat for waterbirds. | |||||||
| 47 | Eleocharis pusilla | R. Br. | - | Small Spike-rush | Cyperaceae | 0.7-1.1 | 0.4-0.6 | narrow-obovoid | obscurely trigonous | straw-coloured | each face with 3-4 ribs | glistening cells | style-base | 'Seed' a nut, acute or with very small neck. Hypogynous bristles - few, very slender, small or absent. Very small style-base (c. one-quarter as long as and from one-third to one-half as wide as nut) envelops apex of nut. Each face of nut with 3 or 4 vertical ribs, cells between ribs transversely elongate. Not in seed reference collection. | Tufted rhizomatous perennial flowering spring-summer, widespread in moist locations throughout lowland Victoria. In shallow water from permaently wet to occasionally inundated areas. | |||||
| 48 | Eleocharis atricha | R. Br. | - | - | Cyperaceae | 1.3-1.5 | c. 0.7 | narrow-obovoid | obscurely trigonous | straw-coloured | 'Seed' a nut. Hypogynous bristles absent. Nut narrowed into a short neck. Prominently longitudinally ribbed, the external cells transversely linear to oblong in 4-6 vertical rows on each face. Style-base from one-sixth to one-quarter as long as and from three-quarters to four-fifths as wide as nut. | Tufted perennial flowering spring-summer, widespread in swamps and seasonally wet situations. Species rarely sets fruit, spreading by producing tubers. Not in seed reference collection. | ||||||||
| 49 | Eleocharis macbarronii | K. L. Wilson | - | - | Cyperaceae | 1.2-1.5 | 0.7-1.1 | obpyriform to broad-obovoid | turgidly biconvex to terete | yellow-brown, tinged very dark brown | style-base | 'Seed' a nut, narrowed to neck, with c. 8-15 prominent longitudinal ridges and transversely elongated cells on each face. Hypogynous bristles absent. Style-base c. one-sixth as long as and one-half as wide as nut. Present in seed reference collection. | Tufted perennial found along drainage lines, sometimes partly submerged. Flowering spring-summer. Does not commonly produce viable seed, instead spreading via rhizomes and proliferating from the spikelet. It persists in dry times by its small tubers. | |||||||
| 50 | Eleocharis gracilis | R. Br. | - | Slender Spike-rush | Cyperaceae | 1-1.5 | 0.8-1 | obovoid | +/- equally trigonous, angles +/- acute | golden brown | shining | style-base and hypogynous bristles | 'Seed' a nut with minute external cells, shortly vertically oblong or almost isodiametric. Style-base from one-third to one-half as long as and one-half to two-thirds as wide as nut. Five-six pale brown flattened hypogynous bristles, finely and retrorsely toothed, usually much exceeding the style-base in length but sometimes only as long as nut. Not in seed reference collection. | Perennial scattered in seasonally wet situations throughout most of lowland Victoria, flowering spring-summer. | ||||||
| 51 | Cardamine tenuifolia | Hook. | - | Slender Bitter-cress | Brassicaceae | c. 1.5 | orange | flattened wing around margin of seed | Present in seed reference collection. Seeds are squarer and larger than those of Rorippa laciniata. | Perennial herb with large flowers found in swamps or streams scattered across southern Victoria, flowering late spring to summer. May be threatened in Victoria, present at Tyrendarra Swamp 2006. | ||||||||||
| 52 | *Nasturtium officinale | W. T. Aiton | Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum, Sisymbrium n-a | Watercress | Brassicaceae | 1 | ovoid | tan to brown | reticulate | Fruit produced late summer to autumn, siliqua 10-18 mm long, 2-2.5 mm wide. | Present in seed reference collection. Seeds in 2 rows. Seeds reticulate with 25-50 depressions per face, not mucous. Cultivated as a salad vegetable, potentially deliberately naturalized. | Common emergent aquatic weed of still or slow-flowing lowland creeks and drains of southern Victoria, growing in mud or shallow water (up to 50 cm). Can be aggressive and fill channel, as at Darlot Creek, Tyrendarra. Perennial herb that flowers spring to autumn. Often in high nutrient level water. | Seed illustrated in Flora of Victoria, Volume 3, p. 444, Figure 90 j. Walsh, N. G. and Entwisle, T. J. (1996) 'Flora of Victoria volume 3. Dicotyledons, Winteraceae to Myrtaceae'. Inkata Press, Melbourne. Seed illustrated in Waterplants of New South Wales, p. 438, number 9. Sainty, G. R. and Jacobs, S. W. L. (1981) 'Waterplants of New South Wales'. Water Resources Commission, N. S. W. | |||||||
| 53 | *Nasturtium microphyllum | Boenn. Ex Rchb. | Rorippa microphylla | Brown Watercress (One-row Watercress) | Brassicaceae | 1 | ovoid | orange-brown to nut brown | reticulate | Not in seed reference collection. Seeds in 1 irregular row in pod. Seeds reticulate with c. 100-150 depressions per face, not mucous. | Perennial aquatic herb growing in mud or shallow water, flowering mostly in summer. | Seed illustrated in Flora of Victoria, Volume 3, p. 444, Figure 90 l. Walsh, N. G. and Entwisle, T. J. (1996) 'Flora of Victoria volume 3. Dicotyledons, Winteraceae to Myrtaceae'. Inkata Press, Melbourne. | ||||||||
| 54 | Rorippa dictyosperma | (Hook.) L.A.S. Johnson | Cardamine dictyosperma | Forest Bitter-cress | Brassicaceae | 1-2 | ovoid to oblong | reticulate | Not in seed reference collection. Seeds in 1 row per locule. Seeds not mucous. | Perennial herb of forests from coast to alpine regions. | ||||||||||
| 55 | Rorippa gigantea | (Hook. F.) Garn.-Jones | Arabis gigantea, Cardamine stylosa | Forest Bitter-cress | Brassicaceae | 1-2 | ovoid to oblong | reticulate | Seeds mucous - mucilaginous when wet, mucilage drying to whitish film. Present in seed reference collection. Seeds in 1 row per locule. | Annual forest herb, flowering spring-summer. | ||||||||||
| 56 | Rorippa eustylis | (F. Muell.) L.A.S. Johnson | Cardamine eustylis | Dwarf Bitter-cress | Brassicaceae | to 0.75 | ovoid | spongy, mucliaginous when wet | Not in seed reference collection. Seeds not reticulate, mucous and in 1 to 2 rows per locule. | Annual or ephemeral herb of the swamps and floodplains of the Murray River. Flowering most of the year. | Seed illustrated in Flora of Victoria, Volume 3, p. 444, Figure 90 s. Walsh, N. G. and Entwisle, T. J. (1996) 'Flora of Victoria volume 3. Dicotyledons, Winteraceae to Myrtaceae'. Inkata Press, Melbourne. | |||||||||
| 57 | Rorippa laciniata | (F. Muell.) L.A.S. Johnson | Cardamine laciniata | Jagged Bitter-cress | Brassicaceae | 1.0-1.2 (0.7-1.5) | 0.8-1.0 | ovoid, compressed | spongy | flattened wing around margin of seed | Present in seed reference collection. Seeds smaller and rounder than those of Cardamine tenuifolia. Seeds not reticulate, sticky to mucliaginous when wet. | Perennial herb of moist to wet habitats throughout Victoria, flowering in spring-autumn. | Seed illustrated in Flora of Victoria, Volume 3, p. 444, Figure 90 t. Walsh, N. G. and Entwisle, T. J. (1996) 'Flora of Victoria volume 3. Dicotyledons, Winteraceae to Myrtaceae'. Inkata Press, Melbourne. | |||||||
| 58 | *Atriplex prostrata | Boucher ex DC. In Lam. & DC. | Atriplex hastata sesu Willis | Orache | Chenopodiaceae | 1.4-1.6 (-1.9) | almost circular | compressed | black (sometimes red) | +/- smooth, faintly colliculate | glossy | hard | Nutlets are dimorphic. Type 1 (Webb and Simpson 2001) described above. Type 2 (Webb and Simpson 2001) almost circular, strongly compressed, 1.8-2.5 (-3.0) mm diameter, dark red-brown, glossy, colliculate. | Present in seed reference collection. Small rounded notch present on nutlet. High seed production as annual species. Seeds are buoyant and have been observed floating on Darlot Creek, Tyrendarra and North West Crater, Tower Hill. | Annual herb common on seasonally or permanently wet sites. Grows on silty often saline soils particularly fringing saltmarsh vegetation in the south of Victoria. Mostly near-coastal, occasionally along streams, drains, ditches and inland (e.g. Red Cliffs, Lake Condah, Maryborough, Bacchus Marsh, Melbourne suburbs). Fruits most of year. | Webb, C. J. and Simpson, M. J. A. (2001) 'Seeds of New Zealand gymnosperms and dicotyledons'. Manuka Press in cooperation with The Caxton Press, Christchurch, Pl. 59: 8, Pl. 92: 2 (SEM of seed and surface texture and photograph or dimorphic seeds). | ||||
| 59 | Rorippa dietrichiana | Hewson | Brassicaceae | 0.75-1.25 | ovoid, slightly compressed | tuberculate | The tubercles on the testa are stronger on the seed margins and tend to be arranged in concentric lines on the face. Seeds not mucous. Not in seed reference collection. | Annual or perennial, found only in Queensland. | ||||||||||||
| 60 | *Geranium dissectum | L. | - | Cut-leaf Crane's-bill | Geraniaceae | +/- globular | pale brown | strongly rugose | Seeds with distinct isodiametric alveolae. Present in seed reference collection. | Native to Europe, naturalized Vic., SA, NSW, Tas., New Zealand, flowering August to December. This species is widespread on disturbed and cultivated land on substrates varying from sandy to heavy basaltic clay soils. | Note: Flora of Victoria Volume 4 p. 226 and 230 illustrates the shape (outline) and surface texture of fifteen of the eighteen Victorian species of Geranium. Walsh, N. G. and Entwisle, T. J. (1999) 'Flora of Victoria volume 4. Dicotyledons, Cornaceae to Asteraceae'. Inkata Press, Melbourne. | |||||||||
| 61 | *Geranium molle var. molle | L. | - | Dove's Foot | Geraniaceae | virtually smooth | Present in seed reference collection. | Native to Europe, naturalized Vic., SA, NSW, Tas., WA, Qld., New Zealand, flowering September to January. Found on disturbed or cultivated land and on waste places, often on sandy soil. | ||||||||||||
| 62 | Geranium solanderi var. solanderi | Carolin | Geranium solanderi 'large petals' | Austral Crane's-bill | Geraniaceae | black | rugose | Not in seed reference collection. Seeds with large isodiametric alveolae with occasioanl membranous deposits. Alveolae equal-sided. | Found in grassy woodlands, in damp to dryish often sheltered sites. Sometimes found in seepage aresas or along drainage lines. Flowering october to January. | Seed details from Willis, J. H. (1972) 'A handbook to plants in Victoria volume II. Dicotyledons'. Melbourne University Press on behalf of the Maud Gibson Gardens Trust, Carlton, p. 318. Carolin, R. C. (1965) The genus Geranium in the south-western Pacific area. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, 89: 326-361, plates VI-VII. Seed illustrated p. 357 t. 6 fig. 2 and 3. | ||||||||||
| 63 | Geranium retrorsum | L'Her. Ex DC. | - | Grassland Crane's-bill | Geraniaceae | subglobular | almost black | alveolate | Alveolae +/- equal-sided. Not in seed reference collection. | Found in lowland grasslands and grassy woodlands across Victoria. Flowering Aug.-Jan.(-May). Can withstand seasonal drought but not prolonged inundation. | Details from Willis, J. H. (1972) 'A handbook to plants in Victoria volume II. Dicotyledons'. Melbourne University Press on behalf of the Maud Gibson Gardens Trust, Carlton, p. 318. Carolin, R. C. (1965) The genus Geranium in the south-western Pacific area. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, 89: 326-361, plates VI-VII. Seed illustrated p. 357 t. 6 fig. 1. | |||||||||
| 64 | Geranium antrorsum | Carolin | - | Rosetted Crane's-bill | Geraniaceae | +/- 2.5 | ovoid to oblong | black | minutely reticulate | Not in seed reference collection. | Has an eastern Victorian distribution, also in NSW and ACT. Found in subalpine grasslands, woodlands and montane forests where it is widespread and locally common. | Willis, J. H. (1972) 'A handbook to plants in Victoria volume II. Dicotyledons'. Melbourne University Press on behalf of the Maud Gibson Gardens Trust, Carlton, p. 318, seed description. Carolin, R. C. (1965) The genus Geranium in the south-western Pacific area. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, 89: 326-361, plates VI-VII. Seed illustrated p. 357 t. 6 fig. 14. | ||||||||
| 65 | Geranium neglectum | Carolin | - | Swamp Crane's-bill (Red-stemmed Crane's-bill) | Geraniaceae | 3 | ovoid to oblong | dark brown | smooth | Seed with very small, shallow, c. isodiamteric alveolae. Not in seed reference collection. | Only in far eastern Victoria, also found in Qld., and NSW. In perennially wet sites including montane swamps, bogs, seepage lines and along stream-banks. Flowering December to May. | |||||||||
| 66 | Geranium potentilloides var. potentilloides | L'Her. Ex DC. | - | Soft Crane's-bill | Geraniaceae | 2 | ovoid to oblong | brown to dark brown | almost smooth | Seeds with shallow small elongate alveolae. Not in seed reference collection. Three varieties present in Victoria. | Found from high-rainfall lowland to foothills throughout Victoria, along river banks and in moist gullies. Flowering December to February. | |||||||||
| 67 | Geranium potentilloides var. abditum | Carolin | - | Soft Crane's-bill | Geraniaceae | 2 | ovoid to oblong | black | rugose | Seeds with relatively deep large elongate alveolae. Not in seed reference collection. | Found in upper montane to subalpine woodlands in eastern Victoria. Flowering November to March. | |||||||||
| 68 | Geranium potentilloides var. 1 | - | Soft Crane's-bill | Geraniaceae | 2 | ovoid to oblong | red-brown to borwn | slightly rugose | Seeds with small isodiametric alveolae. Not in seed reference collection. | Plant found in subalpine woodlands of Victoria. Flowering November to April. | ||||||||||
| 69 | Geranium sessiliflorum subsp. brevicaule | (Hook.) Carolin | Geranium brevicaule | Alpine Crane's-bill | Geraniaceae | +/- 2.5 | ovoid to oblong | dark brown | smooth | Seeds with minute shallow elongate alveolae. Not in seed reference collection. | Found in subalpine to alpine grasslands and herbfields, flowering December to April. | |||||||||
| 70 | Geranium homeanum | Turcz. | - | Rainforest Crane's-bill | Geraniaceae | subglobular | dark to red-brown | slightly rugose | Seeds with small shallow elongate alveolae. Not in seed reference collection. | A common species of high rainfall and moist areas of Victoria, particularly creek banks, wet gullies and rainforest margins. Mostly in eastern Victoria though isolated occurrences near Portland and in the Grampians. Flowering all year but mostly October to March. | ||||||||||
| 71 | Geranium sp. 2 | - | Variable Crane's-bill | Geraniaceae | deeply rugose | Seed with large isodiametric alveolae, frequently with membranous deposits. Not in seed reference collection. | A common species of dry-sites in woodland and open-forests, flowering from August to January. | |||||||||||||
| 72 | Geranium sp. 3 | - | Pale-flowered Crane's-bill | Geraniaceae | slightly rugose | Seed with small isodiametric alveolae. Not in seed reference collection. | Isolated occurrence in Victoria in open, grassy areas of woodland and forests. Flowering from September to January. | |||||||||||||
| 73 | Geranium sp. 4 | Geranium solanderi 'coarse hairs' | Rough Crane's-bill | Geraniaceae | rugose | Seeds with oblong and isodiametric alveolae and occasional membranous deposits. Not in seed reference collection. | Widespread in open-forests and high-rainfall, sheltered sites. Flowering mostly October to April, but all year. Has a tendency of becoming weedy. | |||||||||||||
| 74 | *Leontodon taraxacoides subsp. taraxacoides | (Vill.) Merat | Hyoseris taraxacoides, L. hiruts, L. nudicaulis | Hairy Hawkbit | Asteraceae | 4-5.5 | terete to cylindric | nut brown to lilac grey | muricate | pappus of scales 0.5-1 mm long | Outer cypselas described here, see record 75 for inner cypselas. | 'Seed' described above a cypsela. Outer cypselas cuved with no beak. Surface ribbed/grooved, transversely rugulose grading into muricate. Present in seed reference collection. | Native of Europe, naturalized. Widespread and common throughout Victoria found in gardens, roadsides and disturbed habitats. Flowering from August until February. Basal rosetted herb with yellow capitulum. | Cypsela and plant illustrated in Flora of Victoria Volume 4, p. 711, Figure 136 a. Walsh, N. G. and Entwisle, T. J. (1999) 'Flora of Victoria volume 4. Dicotyledons, Cornaceae to Asteraceae'. Inkata Press, Melbourne. | ||||||
| 75 | *Leontodon taraxacoides subsp. taraxacoides | (Vill.) Merat | Hyoseris taraxacoides, L. hiruts, L. nudicaulis | Hairy Hawkbit | Asteraceae | 4-5.5 | terete to cylindric | nut brown to lilac grey | pappus | Pappus brown in colour, bristles in 2 series: outer ones small and simple, inner bristles 3-8 mm long and plumose. Bristles basally widened (tapering towards tips). Surface ribbed/grooved, transversely rugulose grading into muricate. | 'Seed' a cypsela. Inner cypselas described here, for outer cypselas see record 74. Present in seed reference collection. Inner cypselas +/- straight with beak 0.5-1 mm long. | Native of Europe, naturalized. Widespread and common throughout Victoria found in gardens, roadsides and disturbed habitats. Flowering from August until February. Basal rosetted herb with yellow capitulum. | Cypsela and plant illustrated in Flora of Victoria Volume 4, p. 711, Figure 136 a. Walsh, N. G. and Entwisle, T. J. (1999) 'Flora of Victoria volume 4. Dicotyledons, Cornaceae to Asteraceae'. Inkata Press, Melbourne. | |||||||
| 76 | *Hypochoeris glabra | L. | - | Smooth Cat's-ear | Asteraceae | 2.5-6 | obconical, truncate apex | nut brown | Outer cypselas described here, see record 77 for inner cypsela description. | Present in seed reference collection. | Rosetted herb with yellow capitula, native to Europe and western Asia, naturalized all states and New Zealand. Widespread and common on shallow or free draining soils or in dry areas. Flowers August to December. | Cypselas illustrated in Flora of Victoria Volume 4, p. 711, Figure 136 c. Walsh, N. G. and Entwisle, T. J. (1999) 'Flora of Victoria volume 4. Dicotyledons, Cornaceae to Asteraceae'. Inkata Press, Melbourne. | ||||||||
| 77 | *Hypochoeris glabra | L. | - | Smooth Cat's-ear | Asteraceae | 6-12 | fusiform | nut brown | beaked and pappus | Inner cypselas described here, for outer cypsela description see record 76. Pappus 2-seriate, inner bristles 9-15 mm long, plumose, outer bristles scabrous. | Present in seed reference collection. Beak light brown. | Rosetted herb with yellow capitula, native to Europe and western Asia, naturalized all states and New Zealand. Widespread and common on shallow or free draining soils or in dry areas. Flowers August to December. | Cypselas illustrated in Flora of Victoria Volume 4, p. 711, Figure 136 c. Walsh, N. G. and Entwisle, T. J. (1999) 'Flora of Victoria volume 4. Dicotyledons, Cornaceae to Asteraceae'. Inkata Press, Melbourne. | |||||||
| 78 | *Hypochoeris radicata | L. | - | Cat's-ear (Flatweed) | Asteraceae | 8-17 | fusiform | nut brown | 2-seriate pappus | Cypsela with long light brown beak. Inner pappus bristles 9-15 mm long, plumose, outer bristles 3-6 mm long, scabrous. | Present in seed reference collection. | Rosetted herb with yellow capitulum. Native to Europe but naturalized all states and New Zealand. Found in both natural and disturbed situations. Common and widespread throughout the State, flowering August to December. | Cypsela and plant illustrated in Flora of Victoria Volume 4, p. 711, Figure 136 b. Walsh, N. G. and Entwisle, T. J. (1999) 'Flora of Victoria volume 4. Dicotyledons, Cornaceae to Asteraceae'. Inkata Press, Melbourne. | |||||||
| 79 | Picris angustifolia subsp. angustifolia | Lindl. | Picris hieracioides sensu Willis | - | Asteraceae | 6-11 | pappus | Pappus 4-10.5 mm long. | Cypsela with beak usually shorter than body (2-7 mm long). Present in seed reference collection. | Found in scrub on coastal dunes, grassy woodland or open-forests of lowland areas of south and western Victoria. Flowering September to December. Now relatively rare. | Cypsela, plant and capitulum illustrated in Flora of Victoria volume 4, p. 705 Figure 135 b. Walsh, N. G. and Entwisle, T. J. (1999) 'Flora of Victoria volume 4. Dicotyledons, Cornaceae to Asteraceae'. Inkata Press, Melbourne. | |||||||||
| 80 | Picris angustifolia subsp. merxmuelleri | Lack & S. Holzapfel | Picris hieracioides sensu Willis | - | Asteraceae | 4.5-6 | pappus | Pappus bristles mostly 6.5-8.5 mm long. | Cypsela with a beack much shorter than body (0.4-1 mm long). Not in seed reference collection. | Found in alpine to subalpine regions of Victoria at altitudes above c. 700 m in herbfields, grasslnad, woodland and wet and dry montane sclerophyll forests. Flowering October to April. | Cypsela and capitulum illustrated in Flora of Victoria volume 4, p. 705 Figure 135 c. Walsh, N. G. and Entwisle, T. J. (1999) 'Flora of Victoria volume 4. Dicotyledons, Cornaceae to Asteraceae'. Inkata Press, Melbourne. | |||||||||
| 81 | Picris barbarorum | Lindl. | - | - | Asteraceae | 4-7.5 | Pappus from 5.5 to 7 mm long. | Cypsela with beak usually shorter than body. Not in seed reference collection. | An extremely rare or extinct (in Victoria) species found on heavy alluvial soils of river banks and floodplains. Flowering July to November. | |||||||||||
| 82 | Picris squarrosa | Steetz in Lehm. | - | - | Asteraceae | 5-8 | pappus | Pappus 5.5-10.5 mm long. | Beak of cypsela usually shorter than body. Not in seed reference collection. | Found at low altitudes on coastal sand-dunes, in alluvial soils or on river banks and floodplains in Victoria. Flowering October to April. | ||||||||||
| 83 | *Ranunculus repens | L. | - | Creeping Buttercup | Ranunculaceae | c. 3 | broadly elliptic | minutely pitted on sides | beak c. 1 mm long, slightly curved | 'Seed' described above is an achene. Not in seed reference collection. Achenes can be smooth with a prominent border/flattened margin. | Native to Europe and western Asia. Flowering most of the year. Usually 20-40 achenes in each infructesence. A stoloniferous perennial herb found on damp ground, creek banks and in swamps | Achene illustrated Flora of Victoria Volume 3, p. 45, Figure 5 a. Walsh, N. G. and Entwisle, T. J. (1996) 'Flora of Victoria volume 3. Dicotyledons, Winteraceae to Myrtaceae'. Inkata Press, Melbourne. | ||||||||
| 84 | *Ranunculus muricatus | L. | - | Sharp Buttercup | Ranunculaceae | 5-7(-8) | ovate to obovate | flattened | tuberculate (spine-tipped tubercles) | beak stout, almost straight, 1.5-3 mm long | Present in seed reference collection. | 8-25 achenes in infructesence. The tubercles evenly cover the faces of the achenes or are lacking from the central area. Margin of achene slightly thickened. Annual of damp places. | Achene illustrated Flora of Victoria Volume 3, p. 45, Figure 5 d (line drawing). Walsh, N. G. and Entwisle, T. J. (1996) 'Flora of Victoria volume 3. Dicotyledons, Winteraceae to Myrtaceae'. Inkata Press, Melbourne. Achene illustrated in Waterplants of New South Wales, p. 444, number 64 (photograph). Sainty, G. R. and Jacobs, S. W. L. (1981) 'Waterplants of New South Wales'. Water Resources Commission, N. S. W. | |||||||
| 85 | Ranunculus sessiliflorus | R. Br. Ex DC. | Ranunculus pilulifer, R. pumilio var. pilulifer | Annual Buttercup | Ranunculaceae | 1.5-2 | ovate to orbicular | flat to slightly biconvex | tuberculate (scattered) | beak acute, c. 0.3-0.5 mm long | Tubercles scattered over faces, each on e terminated by a hooked bristles that is no longer than the diameter of the tubercle itself. Present in seed reference collection. Two varieties present but no differences in the achenes given by Walsh and Entwisle (1996, p. 47). | Each infructesence with c. 10-20 achenes. R. var. sessiliflorus is widespread throughout the state. R. var. pilulifer is found principally in the mid north-west. | For illustration of achene see Flora of Victoria Volume 3, p. 47, Figure 6 d. Walsh, N. G. and Entwisle, T. J. (1996) 'Flora of Victoria volume 3. Dicotyledons, Winteraceae to Myrtaceae'. Inkata Press, Melbourne. | |||||||
| 86 | Ranunculus lappaceus | Sm. In Rees | - | Australian Buttercup | Ranunculaceae | c. 2-3.5 | obovate-cuneate | lenticular | smooth on sides | beak c. 1-2 mm long | Beak weakly to strongly arched with a shortly recoiled tip. Present in seed reference collection. | Usually c. 20-50 achenes per infructesence. Perennial of damp sites flowering spring and summer. | Achene illustraed in Flora of Victoria Volume 3, p. 53, Figure 9 c. Walsh, N. G. and Entwisle, T. J. (1996) 'Flora of Victoria volume 3. Dicotyledons, Winteraceae to Myrtaceae'. Inkata Press, Melbourne. McIntyre, S., Lavorel, S. and Tremont, R.M. (1995) Plant life-history attributes: their relationship to disturbance response in herbaceous vegetation. Journal of Ecology, 83, 31-44. (dispersal). Leaves and flower illustrated (photographs) p. 73 and some plant/ecology info p. 72 in Eddy, D., Mallinson, D., Rehwinkel, R. and Sharp, S. (1998) Grassland Flora. A Field Guide for the Southern Tablelands (NSW & ACT). | |||||||
| 87 | Ranunculus amphitrichus | Colenso | Ranunculus rivularis | Small River Buttercup | Ranunculaceae | 1.5-2 (excluding beak) | obliquely obovate | biconvex | pale yellow to beige | smooth, wrinkled or warty | dull | hard | beak 1-1.5 mm long | Inner seed with fine reticulum. Oblong-elliptic, lenticular. | Beak slender, straight, or slightly curved. Present in seed reference collection. Faces of achene smooth or slightly wrinkled or warty. Beak tends not to preserve in sub-fossil material, even in surface samples. Outer layer generally not preserved, revealing striate surface, often orange-brown in colour. | Stoloniferous perennial herb of shallow water of swamps, lakes or slow-flowing streams where it can be submerged or emergent (this habit more common on mud). Flowers from October to December. Usually 6-15 achenes present in infructesence. | Achenes, upper left with outer layer removed, upper right showing remnants of a beak. | Achene illustrated in Flora of Victoria Volume 3, p. 59, Figure 11 d. Walsh, N. G. and Entwisle, T. J. (1996) 'Flora of Victoria volume 3. Dicotyledons, Winteraceae to Myrtaceae'. Inkata Press, Melbourne. | ||
| 88 | Ranunculus inundatus | R. Br. Ex DC. | - | River Buttercup | Ranunculaceae | c. 1.5 | smooth | beak, slender , c. 1 mm long and reflexed | Usually 20-45 achenes per head. Beak is a persistant style. Faces of achene may have obscure low tuberculate ridges. Present in seed reference collection. Achene rounded. | Aquatic or semi-aquatic perennial flowering September to February. Occurs in permanent swamps, dams and backwaters of rivers, growing well in water 10-30 cm deep, can grow in moist or wet soils (not saline) and tolerate drying out, often flowering profusely as water level drops. On riverbanks or in shallow water along creeks. | For illustration of achene see Flora of Victoria Volume 3, p. 59, Figure 11 b. Walsh, N. G. and Entwisle, T. J. (1996) 'Flora of Victoria volume 3. Dicotyledons, Winteraceae to Myrtaceae'. Inkata Press, Melbourne. Habitat info from Scott, R., Blake, N., Campbell, J., Evans, D. and Williams, N. (2002) 'Indigenous plants of the sandbelt. A gardening guide for south-eastern Melbourne'. Earthcare, St Kilda. | |||||||||
| 89 | *Ranunculus sceleratus subsp. sceleratus | L. | - | Celery Buttercup | Ranunculaceae | c. 1 | elliptic or semi-circular | glabrous | minute beak | The faces of the achene are convex and faintly ridged. Often c. 100 or more achenes per head. Present in seed reference collection. | Annual semi-aquatic flowering from September to December, native to Europe, naturalized also in Qld., NSW and Tas. Found in drains, swamps and shallow lakes. Flora of Victoria shows distribution from Geelong east and along the Murray, but recently recorded on the Mt Eccles lava flow. | Achene illustrated in Flora of Victoria, Volume 3, p. 49, Figure 7a (line drawing). Walsh, N. G. and Entwisle, T. J. (1996) 'Flora of Victoria volume 3. Dicotyledons, Winteraceae to Myrtaceae'. Inkata Press, Melbourne. Achene illustrated in Waterplants of New South Wales, p. 445, number 65 (photograph). Sainty, G. R. and Jacobs, S. W. L. (1981) 'Waterplants of New South Wales'. Water Resources Commission, N. S. W. | ||||||||
| 90 | Ranunculus amplus | N. G. Walsh & B. G. Briggs | Ranunculus sp. aff. Inundatus (Western Victoria) | - | Ranunculaceae | c. 3.5 | Oringinally included in Ranunculus inundatus, noted as a very large form recorded from the south-west. Not in seed reference collection. | |||||||||||||
| 91 | *Ranunculus ophioglossifolius | Vill. | - | - | Ranunculuaceae | 2-3 | ovate | lenticular | tuberculate | beak, triangular, c. 0.5-1 mm long | Numerous minute tubercles are present on face surfaces.Present in seed reference collection. 20-50 achenes per head. | A native annual of southern Europe flowering from September to December. Found in lowland swamps with native grasses and sedges. | Achene illustrated in Flora of Victoria, Volume 3, p. 49, Figure 7 b. Walsh, N. G. and Entwisle, T. J. (1996) 'Flora of Victoria volume 3. Dicotyledons, Winteraceae to Myrtaceae'. Inkata Press, Melbourne. | |||||||
| 92 | Potamogeton perfoliatus | L. | P. praelongus, P. perfoliatus var. muelleri | Perfoliate Pondweed | Potamogetonaceae | 2.5-3 | flattened | smooth | beak (very short) | Fruiting carpel description from Walsh and Entwisle (1994, p. 150) - "Smooth or very obscurely keeled dorsally with 2 faint lateral ridges, distally with a +/- straight point, c. 0.5 mm long". | Each carpel contains a single seed. Provides shelter and food for waterbirds and fish. Not in seed reference collection. | Submerged perennial aquatic herb flowering and fruiting December to May. Found in rivers, dams and streams in still to swiftly flowing water, in cold, deep water. Found on sandy, stony or muddy substrates. In Queensland it is more abundant in winter than summer. Mostly freshwater but Aston (1973) indicates it tolerates still and brackish water. | Flora of Victoria Volume 2 illustrates fruiting carpel, p. 151, Figure 31 h. Walsh, N. G. and Entwisle, T. J. (1996) 'Flora of Victoria volume 3. Dicotyledons, Winteraceae to Myrtaceae'. Inkata Press, Melbourne. See also Aston, H. I. (1973) 'Aquatic plants of Australia, a guide to the identification of the aquatic ferns and flowering plants of Australia, both native and naturalized'. Melbourne University Press, Victoria. Fruiting carpel also illustrated in Waterplants of New South Wales, p. 444, number 62 (photograph). Sainty, G. R. and Jacobs, S. W. L. (1981) 'Waterplants of New South Wales'. Water Resources Commission, N. S. W. | |||||||
| 93 | Potamogeton pectinatus | L. | - | Fennel Pondweed, Sago Pondweed | Potamogetonaceae | 2.5-4 | +/- globular | compressed | +/- smooth | hard | beak (very short) | Fruiting carpel described above containg a single seed. Carpel details from Walsh and Entwisle (1994, p. 150) - "Smooth or obscurely keeled dorsally with 2 faint lateral ridges, distally with a +/- straight point less than 0.5 mm long". | Carpels do not open, instead sink straight to substrate. Infloresecnce may be submerged or slightly above water surface. Fruits eaten by waterbirds. Length above includes distal point. Prominent ligule distingiushes it from Ruppia maritima. Present in seed reference collection. | A submerged perennial aquatic herb that forms dense underwater mats. Found in still to fast flowing water in dams, creeks or lakes from 1 to 4 metres depth. Flowers and fruits November to May. Is capable of growing in cloudy, fresh, brackish or saline water to at least 5000 ppm total dissolved salts. | Stephens, K. M. and Dowling, R. M. (2002) 'Wetland plants of Queensland: A field guide'. CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood. Gives good species description but no image of fruit/seed. Flora of Victoria, Volume 2 p. 151, Figure 31 f, illustrates fruiting carpel, Walsh, N. G. and Entwisle, T. J. (1994) 'Flora of Victoria volume 2. Ferns and allied plants, conifers and monocotyledons'. Inkata Press, Melbourne. See also Aston, H. I. (1973) 'Aquatic plants of Australia, a guide to the identification of the aquatic ferns and flowering plants of Australia, both native and naturalized'. Melbourne University Press, Victoria.. Fruiting carpel illustrated in Waterplants of New South Wales, p. 444, number 61 (photograph). Sainty, G. R. and Jacobs, S. W. L. (1981) 'Waterplants of New South Wales'. Water Resources Commission, N. S. W. | |||||
| 94 | Potamogeton crispus | L. | - | Curly Pondweed | Potamogetonaceae | 5-7 | +/- tuberculate | short curved beak at apex of carpel | Notes on carpel from Walsh and Entwisle (1994, p. 150)) - "basally with a +/- crenulate dorsal keel and with smooth to strongly tuberculate sides, distally with a conspicuous, thick, tapered, straight or +/- curved, c. 2 mm long". | Can also reproduce via specialised structures present in leaf axils and at branch tips. These burr-like vegetative buds form in late summer to autumn. Fruiting carpel described above, length includes distal point. Not in seed reference collection. Germination valve sometimes found separately in fossil samples. | Submerged aquatic annual or perennial herb found in still to slow moving waters in dams, lagoons, creeks, rivers and lakes, up to 4.5 m depth. Can form dense underwater colonies on muddy, sandy or stony subtrates. Flowers and fruits November to May. Fresh water. | Fruiting carpel illustrated in Walsh, N. G. and Entwisle, T. J. (1994) 'Flora of Victoria volume 2. Ferns and allied plants, conifers and monocotyledons'. Inkata Press, Melbourne, p. 151, Figure 31 j. Aston, H. I. (1973) 'Aquatic plants of Australia, a guide to the identification of the aquatic ferns and flowering plants of Australia, both native and naturalized'. Melbourne University Press, Victoria. For information regarding this species see: Cook, D. K. (1990) 'Aquatic plant book'. SPB Academic Publishing, The Hague, The Netherlands. p. 200, Fig. 362. | ||||||||
| 95 | Potamogeton australiensis | A. Benn. | - | Thin Pondweed | Potamogetonaceae | 2-2.5 | Fruiting carpel length includes distal point. Notes on carpel from Walsh and Entwisle (1994, p. 148) - "dorsally with a low smooth keel and 2 low lateral ridges, distally with a +/- straight point less than 0.5 mm long". Not in seed reference collection. | Emergent herb of muddy subtrates found in still or slow-flowing freshwater in heathland swamps or creeks. Flowers and fruits from December to February. +/- coastal distribution in Victoria. | ||||||||||||
| 96 | Potamogeton sulcatus | A. Benn. | P. tricarinatus form I sensu Flora of Vic. Vol 2 | Floating Pondweed | Potamogetonaceae | dark green | Fruit with 3 well-developed, toothed dorsal ridges; lateral tubercles commonly present. Potamogeton tricarinuatus form I sensu Walsh and Entwisle (1994). Present in seed reference collection. | Common in the Murray-Darling River system and found also in lagoons, creeks and irrigation channels. Has a south-east Australian distribution. | ||||||||||||
| 97 | Potamogeton tepperi | A. Benn. | P. tricarinatus form II sensu Flora Vic Vol 2 | Potamogetonaceae | green | Fruiting carpel with large median dorsal keel, usually smooth or slightly tuberculate; two low lateral ridges. Potamogeton tricarinatus form II sensu Walsh and Entwisle (1994). Not in seed reference collection. | Found in agricultural dams and ponds, rare in north-west Victoria, more common in northern Australia. | |||||||||||||
| 98 | Potamogeton cheesemanii | A. Benn. | P. tricarinatus form III sensu Flora of Vic. Vol 2 | Floating Pondweed | Potamogetonaceae | 2.5-4 | green | Info from original P. tricarinatus entry: Emergent aquatic perennial herb occurring in still to flowing fresh water to 3 m deep. Found in swamps and rivers, on muddy substrates. Ovate emergent floating leaves differ from submerged leaves, which are linear-lanceolate. Flowers October to April. | Size given above from Walsh and Entwisle (1994) under P. tricarinatus and includes distal point. Fruiting carpels small with low and smooth median dorsal keel; two very low (or not developed) lateral ridges. Potamogeton tricarinatus form III sensu Walsh and Entwisle (1994). Present in seed reference collection. | Found in creeks, rivers, tarns and lagoons across the Victorian Volcanic Plain and southern Australia. | Aston, H. I. (1973) 'Aquatic plants of Australia, a guide to the identification of the aquatic ferns and flowering plants of Australia, both native and naturalized'. Melbourne University Press, Victoria, p. 275-290. Walsh, N. G. and Entwisle, T. J. (1994) 'Flora of Victoria volume 2. Ferns and allied plants, conifers and monocotyledons'. Inkata Press, Melbourne, p. 147-152. Stephens, K. M. and Dowling, R. M. (2002) 'Wetland plants of Queensland: A field guide'. CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood. | |||||||||
| 99 | Phragmites australis | (Cav.) Trin. Ex Steud. | Phragmites communis | Common Reed, Djarg (Koorie name) | Poaceae | Seeds produced in florets in the drooping panicle but the species mostly spreads vegetatively. Present in seed reference collection. | Robust semi-aquatic perennial with creeping rhizomes and stolons found in creeks and swamps to 2 metres deep and damp areas where watertable is high. Also in slightly brackish areas. Flowering occurs from November to May. Can form dense stands. | See Aboriginal Uses of Native Plants, Education Service, Australian National Botanic Gardens webpage for Aborignial use of this species. Available at: http://www.anbg.gov.au/aborig.s.e.aust/phragmites-australis.html | ||||||||||||
| 100 | Isotoma fluviatilis subsp. australis | (R. Br.) F. Muell. Ex Benth. Subsp. McComb | - | Swamp Isotome | Campanulaceae (Subfamily Lobelioideae) | 0.4-0.5 | broadly ellipsoid | slightly compressed | light brown to brown | weakly and irregularly reticulate | shining | Mean pollen diameter greater than 34.5 micron. Herbarium records collected at Hawkesdale, Portland, Naracoorte Caves, Glenelg River for an idea of distribution around Mt Eccles Lava Flow. Seeds of the genus Isotoma are finely pitted. Not in seed reference collection. | Mat-forming perennial herb found in exposed positions on seasonally moist depressions. When growing in sheltered positions leaves, pedicels and stems become longer, the latter scrambling. Flowering from September to June, fruiting from October to July. Widespread species. | McComb, J. A. (1970) A revision of the species Isotoma fluviatilis. Contributions from the New South Wales Herbarium, 4(3): 106-111. Seed illustrated in Flora of Victoria volume 4, p. 569, Figure 109b. Walsh, N. G. and Entwisle, T. J. (1999) 'Flora of Victoria volume 4. Dicotyledons, Cornaceae to Asteraceae'. Inkata Press, Melbourne. | ||||||
| 101 | Lobelia irrigua | (R. Br.) Benth. | Pratia irrigua | Salt Pratia | Campanulaceae (Subfamily Lobelioideae) | 0.7-0.9 | ellipsoid | compressed | light brown | reticulate, alveoles c. isodiametric | Present in seed reference collection. | Procumbent or decumbent perennial herb on "heavy, seasonally damp soils along watercourses, in saltmarsh, slightly brackish to subsaline wetlands and damp grassland" (Walsh and Entwisle, 1999, p. 571). Flowering from September to April and fruiting from December to March. | Seed illustrated in Flora of Victoria volume 4, p. 569, Figure 109g. Walsh, N. G. and Entwisle, T. J. (1999) 'Flora of Victoria volume 4. Dicotyledons, Cornaceae to Asteraceae'. Inkata Press, Melbourne. | |||||||
| 102 | Lobelia pedunculata | (R. Br.) Benth. | Pratia pedunculata | Matted Pratia | Campanulaceae (Subfamily Lobelioideae) | 0.5-0.85 | ellipsoid, slightly asymmetrical | compressed | light brown | reticulate | Reticulum: alveoles elongate or occasionally c. isodiametric. Not in seed reference collection. | Prostrate to decumbent mat-forming perennial herb found in "moist forests and woodlands, riparian situations, swamps, bogs and other seasonally moist areas" (Walsh and Entwisle, 1999, p. 572). Flowering and fruiting year long. | Seed illustrated in Flora of Victoria volume 4, p. 569, Figure 109i. Walsh, N. G. and Entwisle, T. J. (1999) 'Flora of Victoria volume 4. Dicotyledons, Cornaceae to Asteraceae'. Inkata Press, Melbourne. | |||||||
| 103 | Lobelia beaugleholei | Albr. | Pratia sp. aff. purpurascens sensu Willis 1973 | Showy Lobelia | Campanulaceae (Subfamily Lobelioideae) | (0.8) 1-1.1 | ellipsoid | slightly compressed | light brown | reticulate | Reticulum: alveoles c. isodiametric (appearing pitted). Not in seed reference collection. | Prostrate to decumbent perennial herb found on "black organic loam soils, in the vicinity of swamps and drainage lines" (Walsh and Entwisle, 1999, p. 576). Flowering from November to February, fruiting from January to March. | Seed illustrated in Flora of Victoria volume 4, p. 575, Figure 110f. Walsh, N. G. and Entwisle, T. J. (1999) 'Flora of Victoria volume 4. Dicotyledons, Cornaceae to Asteraceae'. Inkata Press, Melbourne. | |||||||
| 104 | Lobelia pratioides | Benth. | - | Poison Lobelia | Campanulaceae (Subfamily Lobelioideae) | 0.7-0.9 | ellipsoid | slightly compressed | darkish brown | reticulate, alveoles c. isodiametric | Not in seed reference collection. | Prostrate to ascending perennial herb found on "seasonally inundated or waterlogged heavy soils (sometimes in association with surface rocks) along drainage lines, and in or on the margins of swampy depressions" (Walsh and Entwisle, 1999, p. 576). Flowering Sep.-May, fruiting Nov.-May. | Seed illustrated in Flora of Victoria volume 4, p. 575, Figure 110g. Walsh, N. G. and Entwisle, T. J. (1999) 'Flora of Victoria volume 4. Dicotyledons, Cornaceae to Asteraceae'. Inkata Press, Melbourne. | |||||||
| 105 | Lobelia anceps | L. | Lobelia altata | Angled Lobelia | Campanulaceae (Subfamily Lobelioideae) | 0.4-0.5 | ellipsoid | slightly compressed | light brown | smooth or very faintly striated | Not in seed reference collection. | Decumbent to ascending perennial herb "of sheltered damp sites in a range of vegetation communities but most common in seepage areas on coastal cliffs, along watercourses,a nd margins of swamps" (Walsh and Entwisle, 1999, p. 577). Flowering November to April, fruiting December to May. | Seed illustrated in Flora of Victoria volume 4, p. 575, Figure 110h. Walsh, N. G. and Entwisle, T. J. (1999) 'Flora of Victoria volume 4. Dicotyledons, Cornaceae to Asteraceae'. Inkata Press, Melbourne. | |||||||
| 106 | Alisma plantago-aquatica | L. | - | Water Plantain | Alismataceae | Fruit a one-seeded achene/carpel 2-2.5 mm long. | No seed description in (Sainty and Jacobs, 1981) or (Walsh and Entwisle, 1994). Seeds float for some time after being shed. Flowers in relatively shallow water, the inflorescence is reduced in moderately deep water while no flowers are produced in deep water (Arber, 1963, p. 19). Present in seed reference collection. | An erect emergent perennial found along creeks, lakes and in swamps at depths to 50cm but persists on drying mud above the receeding water-line, where seeds can readily germinate. Fruits and leaves eaten by various birds and animals. Flowering November to March. | Seed photograph p. 437. Sainty, G. R. and Jacobs, S. W. L. (1981) 'Waterplants of New South Wales'. Water Resources Commission, N. S. W. Mature fruit illustrated in Flora of Victoria Volume 2, p.127, Figure 27d. Walsh, N. G. and Entwisle, T. J. (1994) 'Flora of Victoria, Volume 2, Ferns and allied plants, conifers and monocotyledons'. Inkata Press, Melbourne. Arber, A. (1963) 'Water plants. A study of aquatic angiosperms'. J. Cramer, Weinheim. | |||||||||||
| 107 | Damasonium minus | (R. Br.) Buchenau | D. australe, Actinocarpus minor | Star Fruit | Alismataceae | 1.5 | oblong-elliptic | compressed | dark brown | tuberculate, +/- transversely ridged | dull to shining | Present in seed reference collection. Tubercles, orange, arranged somewhat in transverse ridges. Embryo looped. | An erect emergent annual or short-lived perennial growing in shallow water (to 30 cm) of freshwater lakes and swamps. Can tolerate still or slow-flowing and ephemeral or permanent conditions. Flowering throughout the year, especially October to February. | Sainty, G. R. and Jacobs, S. W. L. (1981) 'Waterplants of New South Wales'. Water Resources Commission, N. S. W. Photograph of seed p. 437. Aston, H. I. (1973) 'Aquatic plants of Australia, a guide to the identification of the aquatic ferns and flowering plants of Australia, both native and naturalized'. Melbourne University Press, Victoria, seed illustrated p. 181, Figure 69 b (line drawing). | ||||||
| 108 | Lilaeopsis polyantha | (Gand.) H. Eichler | - | Australian Lilaeopsis | Apiaceae (Umbelliferae) | 1.5-4 | elliptic to obovate | plano-convex | light nut brown, pale orange-yellow | ribbed | dull | Fruit 2-4 mm long (Sainty and Jacobs, 1981), 1.5-3.5 mm (Walsh and Entsiwle, 1999), 2.5-4 mm long (Aston, 1973), sometimes laterally compressed. | Mericarp described above.Ribs near mericarp junction thick and corky. Carpophore absent. Present in seed reference collection. Ribs pale orange-yellow, body of mericarp light nut brown. Three longitudinal acute dorsal ribs and two obtuse corky lateral longitudinal ribs. | An emergent, occasionally submerged perennial of shallow (to 30 cm deep) fresh or brackish water or on moist mud surrounding a waterbody (pools, lakes, streams and rivers). Also on saline flats. Flowering during summer. | Sainty, G. R. and Jacobs, S. W. L. (1981) 'Waterplants of New South Wales'. Water Resources Commission, N. S. W. Photograph of seed p. 437. Aston, H. I. (1973) 'Aquatic plants of Australia, a guide to the identification of the aquatic ferns and flowering plants of Australia, both native and naturalized'. Melbourne University Press, Victoria, fruit illustrated p. 174, Figure 66 c, (line drawing). | |||||
| 109 | Berula erecta | (Huds.) Coville | Sium latifolium | Broadleaf Water Parsnip | Apiaceae (Umbelliferae) | 1.5-2 | 5 slender ribs | Seed length above is fruit length (i.e. mericarp length). Fruit orbicular, laterally compressed. Carpophore (the central axis of the schizocarp/fruit) is split to base. | The status of this species in currently uncertain (Ross and Wlash 2003). Sium was once believed to be introduced. Not in seed reference collection. | Decumbent perennial herb growing on creek/stream banks and around swamps/wetland margins. Not regarded as truly aquatic, but can grow out from the bank into and on the surface of the water, as at Darlot Creek, Tyrendarra. | Sainty, G. R. and Jacobs, S. W. L. (1981) 'Waterplants of New South Wales'. Water Resources Commission, N. S. W. Photograph of seed p. 437. | |||||||||
| 110 | Azolla filiculoides | Lam. | Azolla rubra | Pacific Azolla | Azollaceae | Megasporocarp less than 1 mm long containing a solitary megaspore (Sainty and Jacobs, 1981). | Terminology for the part found in sedimentary records: 'megaspore' according to Birks (2007). Megasporocarp has 3 floats while that of Azolla pinnata has 9 floats. Present in seed reference collection. | A free-floating aquatic perennial fern occurring on still of slow-flowing back waters of streams. Associated with the nitrogen fixing blue-green alga Anabaena sp. Apparently sporangia are often present but not fertile (Sainty and Jacobs, 1981). Plants are killed by drought. | Each massula has 64 microspores, has 1 or 2 obscure septae at the apex of the glochidia projecting from each massula (Willis, 1962, p.48). Field observations in Britain of Jones 1998 show that sporulation occurs between May and November (late spring to autumn) and where sporing was occurring, the Azolla formed thick mats p. 380. Increased phosphate resulted in increased megasporocarp production (often sporulation is associated with a decline in growth rate and might be followed by frond senescence) p. 383. Microsporangial massulae spherical, with prominent barbs all over (glochidia with hook-like tips) whereas in A. pinnata subsp. pinnata (the other Victorian species) the massulae is more or less conical with 1-6 non-barbed processes (no hook-like tips) towards one end. Birks, H. H. (2007) Plant macrofossil introduction. In Elias, S. A., ed., Encyclopaedia of Quaternary science', p. 2266-2288 Sainty, G. R. and Jacobs, S. W. L. (1981) 'Waterplants of New South Wales'. Water Resources Commission, N. S. W. Willis, J. H. (1962) A handbook to plants in Victoria volume I. Ferns, conifers and monocotyledons. Melbourne University Press, Carlton. | |||||||||||
| 111 | Ceratophyllum demersum | L. | - | Hornwort | Ceratophyllaceae | c. 4.5 (excluding spine) | black | 3 soft spines longer than fruit | Fruit described above. Fruit an achene with a persistent style. Spine detail: one spine terminal, the persistent style; two other spines "...laterally almost basal and spreading (one or both basal spines may develop only partially)" (Walsh and Entwisle, 1996, p. 34). | Not in seed reference collection. Fruits are denser than water thus sinking to the bottom. | Sumerged aquatic herb of still to slow-flowing freshwater lagoons and swamps, in up to 10 metres but typically a few metres or less. Flowers January to February, fruits also produced in summer. Prefers alkaline water; optimum growth occurs in nitrogen rich water. | Photograph of fruit p. 89, Sainty, G. R. and Jacobs, S. W. L. (1981) 'Waterplants of New South Wales'. Water Resources Commission, N. S. W. | ||||||||
| 112 | *Aster subulatus | Michx. | - | Aster-weed | Asteraceae (Compositae) | 1.5-2.5 | oblong | slightly flattened (often) | cream-yellow | 4- or 5-nerved | soft | shortly appressed-pubescent; pappus | Seed described above is a cypsela. Pappus: ~30 barbellate bristles in one series, 3..5-5 mm long, white. | Present in seed reference collection. | Erect annual or short-lived perennial weed of seasonally fresh or brackish wet areas (dams drains, lakes). Flowering from November to April. Germination occurs in spring or summer. | Photograph of seed, p. 436 and 437 number 7. Sainty, G. R. and Jacobs, S. W. L. (1981) 'Waterplants of New South Wales'. Water Resources Commission, N. S. W. | ||||
| 113 | Crassula helmsii | (Kirk) Cockayne | Tillaea helmsii, Bulliarda recurva | Swamp Crassula | Crassulaceae | 0.40-0.55 | smooth, without longitudinal ridges | May have fine, often incomplete longitudinal ridges. Present in seed reference collection. | Aquatic or semi-aquatic perennial herb of river banks, lakes, swamps in still or slow-flowing, generally shallow water (less than 30 cm, rarely deeper). Can tolerate periods of temporary or prolonged indunation, and/or high salinity levels. Flowers from August to November. | |||||||||||
| 114 | Crassula peduncularis | (Sm.) Meigen | Crassula purpurata | Purple Crassula | Crassulaceae | 0.3-0.35 | several longitundinal ridges | Ridges are more or less granulate to tuberculate. Not in seed reference collection. | Annual or short-lived herb found on mud surrounding standing water. This species occurs around rock pools (typically granite in origin). Flowering from August to November. | |||||||||||
| 115 | *Crassula natans var. minus | Thunb. Var. Rowley | Helophytum natans var. minus | - | Crassulaceae | 0.6-0.7 | smooth or with faint longitudinal ridges | shiny or almost so | Not in seed reference collection. | Semi-aquatic annual of moist soil or shallow water of rock pools and dams. Flowering August to November. | ||||||||||
| 116 | Crassula decumbens var. decumbens | Thunb. | Crassula macrantha | Spreading Crassula | Crassulaceae | 0.44-0.52 | tubercles in longitudinal ridges | Not in seed reference collection. | Annual herb growing on seasonally moist ground. Flowering from August to November. | |||||||||||
| 117 | Crassula tetramera | Toelken | Crassula sieberiana susbp. Tetramera | Australian Stonecrop | Crassulaceae | 0.4-0.6 | smooth or tubercles in ridges | Tubercles arranged along longitudinal ridges. Not in seed reference collection. | Annual or perennial found on rock ledges and crevices (as at Tyendarra on the stony rises, particularly following bushfires of January 2006). Also growing on seasonally inundated ground, flowering from Septmeber to June. | |||||||||||
| 118 | Baumea articulata | (R. Br.) S.T.Blake | Cladium articulatum | Jointed Twig-rush | Cyperaceae | 1.8-2.3 | 1.2-1.4 | ellipsoid to ovoid | pale to dark red-brown | strongly and irregularly wrinkled | dull | hipsid or papillose at apex | Nut described above. While being wrinkled, nut is more or less smooth at apex and base, and on 3 angles. Present in seed reference collection. | True aquatic (other species in the genus are not true aquatics). Rhizomatous perennial of lagoons and swamps in water to 1 metre depth, often on deep mud, sometimes in slow-moving water of streams. Flowers in spring and summer. Provides habitat for waterbirds. Culms to 2 metres, septate. | Nut illustrated in Walsh, N. G. and Entwisle, T. J. (1994) 'Flora of Victoria volume 2. Ferns and allied plants, conifers and monocotyledons'. Inkata Press, Melbourne, p. 276, Figure 58b (line drawing). Also illustrated in Sainty, G. R. and Jacobs, S. W. L. (1981) 'Waterplants of New South Wales'. Water Resources Commission, N. S. W., p. 438, number 10 (photograph). | |||||
| 119 | Baumea rubiginosa | (Spreng.) Boeck | Fuirena rubiginosa, C. glomeratum | Soft Twig-rush | Cyperaceae | 2.2-4 | 1.2-2.0 | ellipsoid to ovoid | pale red-brown to bright orange | smooth, apex hipsid | shining | Nut described above. Not in seed reference collection. | Rhizomatous perennial with culms to 1 metre, growing in ephermeral swamps, creek banks and on damp ground. Flowering spring and summer. | Nut illustrated in Walsh, N. G. and Entwisle, T. J. (1994) 'Flora of Victoria volume 2. Ferns and allied plants, conifers and monocotyledons'. Inkata Press, Melbourne, p. 276, Figure 58j (line drawing). | ||||||
| 120 | Lepilaena australis | Drumm. Ex Harv. | Althenia australis | Austral Water-mat | Zannichelliaceae | 1.5-2.5 | +/- tuberculate, ridged | persistent style base | Fruiting carpel described above. Length above excludes style. Fruiting carpel half as broad as long, with one ventral keel and 3 dorsal ones. Tubercles scattered and blunt. Endosperm absent. Seed +/- oblong in outline. Not in seed reference collection. | Submerged monoecious annual of ephermeral fresh or brackish shallow water of swamps and dams. Fruiting pedicel 25-70(-120) mm long, reflexed from base. Flowering from (Sep.-) November to January (-Apr.). | Fruiting carpel illustrated in Walsh, N. G. and Entwisle, T. J. (1994) 'Flora of Victoria volume 2. Ferns and allied plants, conifers and monocotyledons'. Inkata Press, Melbourne, p. 159, Figure 33h (line drawing). | |||||||||
| 121 | Lepilaena bilocularis | Kirk | - | Small-fruited Water-mat | Zannichelliaceae | 0.8-1.3 | smooth (ridged or tuberculate) | persistent style | Fruiting carpels described above and are retained in the persistent perianth. Very slightly ridged or tuberculate dorsally. Carpel length excludes style. Endosperm absent. Seed +/- oblong in outline. Not in seed reference collection. | Submerged dioecious annual or short-lived perennial found in fresh, brackish or slightly saline waters of lakes and slow-flowing streams up to 1 metre depth. Food source for waterbirds. Flowers from (Nov.-) December to March. Fruiting pedicel 1.5-2.5(-5) mm long, +/- erect, not or only slightly extended. | Fruiting carpel illustrated in Walsh, N. G. and Entwisle, T. J. (1994) 'Flora of Victoria volume 2. Ferns and allied plants, conifers and monocotyledons'. Inkata Press, Melbourne, p. 159, Figure 33i (line drawing). | |||||||||
| 122 | Lepilaena cylindrocarpa | (Korn.) Benth. | Zannichellia cylindrocarpa Althenia cylinodrocarpa | Long-fruited Water-mat | Zannichelliaceae | (1.5) 2-3 | smooth | Fruiting carpel described above. Fruiting carpel about one-third as broad as long, may vary from smooth to slightly ridged or tuberculate dorsally. Length above excludes style. Endosperm absent. Seed +/- oblong in outline. Not in seed reference collection. | Submerged dioecious species of marine, brackish and occasionally freshwater estuaries, swamps and lakes. Flowers from (July-) September to March. Fruiting pedical 4-15 mm long. | Fruiting carpel illustrated in Walsh, N. G. and Entwisle, T. J. (1994) 'Flora of Victoria volume 2. Ferns and allied plants, conifers and monocotyledons'. Inkata Press, Melbourne, p. 159, Figure 33n (line drawing). | ||||||||||
| 123 | Lepilaena preissii | (Lehm.) F. Muell. | Zannichellia preissii, Althenia preissii | Slender Water-mat | Zannichelliaceae | 2-2.5 | smooth | persistent style | Fruiting carpel described above. Fruiting carpel about half as broad as long, length above excludes style. Endosperm absent. Seed +/- oblong in outline. Not in seed reference collection. | Submerged monoecious aquatic of shallow brackish and saline waters. Flowers September to February (-April). Fruiting pedicel not extended. | Fruiting carpel illustrated in Walsh, N. G. and Entwisle, T. J. (1994) 'Flora of Victoria volume 2. Ferns and allied plants, conifers and monocotyledons'. Inkata Press, Melbourne, p. 159, Figure 33p (line drawing). | |||||||||
| 124 | Sparganium subglobosum | Morong | Sparganium antipodum | Floating Bur-reed | Sparganiaceae | Present in seed reference collection. | Rhizomatous emergent perennial to 1 metre tall, growing in still or slow-flowing water of creeks, swamps, lagoons, usually less than 1 metre deep or on dry margins. Tolerates substrates of sand or mud. Flowers form December to May and provides waterbirds with a significant food source. | Illustrated in Sainty, G. R. and Jacobs, S. W. L. (1981) 'Waterplants of New South Wales'. Water Resources Commission, N. S. W., p. 445, number 71 (photograph). Illustrated in Walsh, N. G. and Entwisle, T. J. (1994) 'Flora of Victoria volume 2. Ferns and allied plants, conifers and monocotyledons'. Inkata Press, Melbourne, p. 629, Figure 126p (line drawing). | ||||||||||||
| 125 | *Sparganium erectum | L. | S. ramosum, S. angustifolia var. latifolium | Branching Bur-reed | Sparganiaceae | Not in seed reference collection. This species was formerly regarded as native, now considered introduced due to recent expansion patterns "...become naturalized since its pre-1900 introduction" (Walsh and Entwisle, 1994, p. 631). | Erect rhizomatous perennial emergent herb of still to slow-flowing freshwater. Flowering from November to May. Naturalised in Vic, QLD and NSW. | Illustrated in Walsh, N. G. and Entwisle, T. J. (1994) 'Flora of Victoria volume 2. Ferns and allied plants, conifers and monocotyledons'. Inkata Press, Melbourne, p. 629, Figure 126n (line drawing). | ||||||||||||
| 126 | Ruppia polycarpa | R. Mason | - | - | Potamogetonaceae | 2-3 | 0.5-0.8 | Fruiting carpel described above is asymmetrical but less so than the fruit of R. megacarpa and R. maritima. Not in seed reference collection. | Annual or perennial submerged aquatic herb found in freshwater dams, ditches and creeks, generally in shallow water (less than 1 metre deep). Also in brackish or saline coastal lakes and lagoons. Flowers and fruits present between October and February. Eaten by waterbirds. | Fruiting carpel illustrated in Walsh, N. G. and Entwisle, T. J. (1994) 'Flora of Victoria volume 2. Ferns and allied plants, conifers and monocotyledons'. Inkata Press, Melbourne, p. 154, Figure 32c (line drawing). | ||||||||||
| 127 | Ruppia maritima | L. | Ruppia rostellata | - | Potamogetonaceae | 2-4 | 1-1.5 | strongly asymmetrical | black | Inflorescence stalk ~5 cm long, stalk of mature carpel <2 mm long (generally ~1 cm). | Fruiting carpel described above. Not in seed reference collection. Germination valves of fruiting carpel found in fossil samples. | Submerged aquatic perennial herb flowering and fruiting in January. Found in lakes and dams in fresh, brackish or saline waters. Current distribution restricted to north west Victoria. Stalk longer than carpel. Life cycle is completed in 60-80 days. Locally by rhizomes, longer distance dispersal by seed. | Fruiting carpel illustrated inWalsh, N. G. and Entwisle, T. J. (1994) 'Flora of Victoria volume 2. Ferns and allied plants, conifers and monocotyledons'. Inkata Press, Melbourne, p. 154, Figure 32l (line drawing). | |||||||
| 128 | Ruppia megacarpa | R. Mason | - | - | Potamogetonaceae | 3-4 | 2-3 | brown, eventually turning black | Fruiting carpel described above is asymmetrical. Not in seed reference collection. | Submerged robust perennial herb or brackish to saline lakes, lagoons and estuaries. Flowering and fruiting from (October-) November to March. At maturity, stalk is longer than carpel. Eaten by waterbirds. Life cycle is completed in 60-80 days. Incapable of surviving periods of extreme conditions. Locally by rhizomes, longer distance dispersal by seed. | Fruiting carpel illustrated in Walsh, N. G. and Entwisle, T. J. (1994) 'Flora of Victoria volume 2. Ferns and allied plants, conifers and monocotyledons'. Inkata Press, Melbourne, p. 154, Figure 32f (line drawing). | |||||||||
| 129 | *Batrachium trichophyllum | (Chaix) Bosch | *Ranunculus trichophyllus | Water Fennel (Water Buttercup) | Ranunculaceae | 1.5 | obovate | lenticular | pale yellow-brown to light orange-yellow | strongly transversely wrinkled | short beak, some hairs present | Beak absent or to 0.2 mm long. Receptacle hispid. | Achene described above. Present in seed reference collection. | Stoloniferous submerged perennial aquatic herb with flowers +/- emergent. Found in freshwater creeks, lakes and swamps. Flowering October to February. Fruit with c. 20 achenes. | ||||||
| 130 | Neopaxia australasica | (Hook. F.) O. Nilsson | Montia australasica, Claytonia australasica | White Purslane | Portulaceae | 1.5 | elliptic to obovate | biconvex to compressed | black | smooth, minutely colliculate? | glossy | hard | Present in seed reference collection. Surface cells often concentrically arranged, only slightly raised. Germination valve (the part of seed that comes off at germination) has been encountered in sediments of the Mt Eccles lava flow (Lake Condah and Allambie Swamp). | Perennial terrestrial or aquatic herb of ephermeral freshwater swamps and slow-moving watercourses. Capable of growing of moist mud or out over deeper waters. Flowers in spring. Fruits of related taxa Montia minor and Claytonia sibirica dehisce explosively releasing seed (Willis, 1892); this species may do the same. | Willis, J. C. (1892) The distribution of the seed in Claytonia. Annals of Botany, 6, 382-383. | |||||
| 131 | Villarsia reniformis | R. Br. | Limnanthemum stygium, Nymphoides stygia | Running Marsh-flower | Menyanthaceae | (0.7-) 1-1.5 (-1.9) | ellipsoid to subglobular | laterally compressed | pale fawn to light brown | sinuous reticulate | shining | non-carunculate | Present in seed reference collection. Walsh and Entwisle (1999) describe seeds as smooth or sometimes granular. Each cell is slightly raised and has sinuous margins. After KOH treatment or time in sediment sample granular cells tend to look more like depressions, presumably outer layer is removed, thus appearing reticulate. | Stoloniferous perennial aquatic with floating or emergent leaves, growing in still or slow-flowing freshwater of swamps and bogs, to 60 cm deep, drying back when stranded. Flowering from October to March, fruiting from October to April. | Seed illustrated in Walsh, N. G. and Entwisle, T. J. (1999) 'Flora of Victoria volume 4. Dicotyledons, Cornaceae to Asteraceae'. Inkata Press, Melbourne, p. 384, Figure 74 f (line drawing). | |||||
| 132 | Villarsia exaltata | (Sol. Ex Sims) G. Don. | Menyanthes exaltata | Erect Marsh-flower | Menyanthaceae | (1.5-) 1.7-2.6 (-3) | pale fawn to dark grey-black | tuberculate | caruncle large, circular whitish | Surface texture: mostly with crowded terete, apically minutely papillate tubercles to 0.3 mm long, sometimes tubercles absent or reduced. Not in seed reference collection. | Erect emergent perennial aquatic in permanent swamps or inundated areas in freshwater to 45 (-90) cm deep. Flowers September to March, fruits November to May. | Seed illustrated in Walsh, N. G. and Entwisle, T. J. (1999) 'Flora of Victoria volume 4. Dicotyledons, Cornaceae to Asteraceae'. Inkata Press, Melbourne, p. 384, Figure 74 g (line drawing). | ||||||||
| 133 | Villarsia umbricola var. umbricola | Aston | - | Lax Marsh-flower | Menyanthaceae | (0.8-) 1-1.4 (-1.6) | ellipsoid to subglobular | somewhat laterally compressed | pale fawn to light brown | smooth to slightly granular | caruncle absent | Not in seed reference collection. | Perennial, sometimes annual, known only from Bridgewater Lakes in edging swampland. Flowers and fruits November to April. | Seed illustrated in Walsh, N. G. and Entwisle, T. J. (1999) 'Flora of Victoria volume 4. Dicotyledons, Cornaceae to Asteraceae'. Inkata Press, Melbourne, p. 384, Figure 74 e - lower seed (line drawing). | ||||||
| 134 | Villarsia umbricola var. beaugleholei | Aston | - | Lax Marsh-flower | Menyanthaceae | (0.8-) 1-1.4 (-1.6) | ellipsoid to subglobular | somewhat laterally compressed | pale fawn to light brown | strongly tuberculate | caruncle absent | Tubercles cylindrical, slightly expanded and mintuely papillate at the apex. Not in seed reference collection. | Perennial, sometmies annual found on damp soil or in shallow fresh water to 45 cm, of swamps and creek edges. Flowers and fruits November to April. | Seed illustrated in Walsh, N. G. and Entwisle, T. J. (1999) 'Flora of Victoria volume 4. Dicotyledons, Cornaceae to Asteraceae'. Inkata Press, Melbourne, p. 384, Figure 74 e - upper seed (line drawing). | ||||||
| 135 | Elatine gratioloides | Cunn. | Elatine americana var. australiensis | Waterwort | Elatinaceae | 0.5-0.7 | curved-cylindrical | circular | +/- hexagonal pits, trabeculate | Not in seed reference collection. | Prostrate annual herb found on wet mud next to waterbodies, sometimes found in still or slow-flowing water to 1 metre. Flowering from September to January. | |||||||||
| 136 | Bolboschoenus medianus | (V.J. Cook) Sojak | Scirpus medianus, Scirpus fluviatilis | Marsh Club-rush | Cyperaceae | 3-4 | 2-2.5 | obovate | trigonous or plano-convex | dark brown | not obviously reticulate | shining | hard thick | Seed described above is a nut. Faces of nut are concave. Present in seed reference collection. | Rhizomtous perennial to 2 metres tall growing along watercourses, in shallow swamps in fresh or often brackish water. Flowers from October to January. Provides shelter for wildlife. | Nut illustrated in Sainty, G. R. and Jacobs, S. W. L. (1981) 'Waterplants of New South Wales'. Water Resources Commission, N. S. W., p. 439, number 21 (photograph). Also illustrated in Walsh, N. G. and Entwisle, T. J. (1999) 'Flora of Victoria volume 4. Dicotyledons, Cornaceae to Asteraceae'. Inkata Press, Melbourne, p. 319, Figure 66n (line drawing). | ||||
| 137 | Isolepis fluitans | (L.) R. Br. | Scirpus fluitans | Floating Club-rush | Cyperaceae | 1.4-1.8 | c. 1.0 | broad-obovoid to ellipsoid | plano-convex, compressed | grey-brown to dark brown | smooth, minutely reticulate | shining | Plano-convex - angles not well defined. Seed described above is a nut. Present in seed reference collection. | Submerged or terrestrial perennial growing in less than 1 metre of water. Often in swamps and fast-flowing streams. | Walsh, N. G. and Entwisle, T. J. (1994) 'Flora of Victoria volume 2. Ferns and allied plants, conifers and monocotyledons'. Inkata Press, Melbourne, National Herbarium of Victoria, Inkata Press, Melbourne, p. 316, Figure 65 h (nut illustrated, line drawing). | |||||
| 138 | *Cyperus eragrosits | Lam. | - | Umbrella Sedge | Cyperaceae | 1-1.4 | c. 0.5 | obovoid | triquetous | dark brown to dark grey | Nut distinctly apiculate with the persistent style base. Nut half the length of the glume. Glumes 2-2.5 mm long. | Present in seed reference collection. | Weedy perennial of roadside gutters and ephemeral pools. | Nut illustrated in Sainty, G. R. and Jacobs, S. W. L. (1981) 'Waterplants of New South Wales'. Water Resources Commission, N. S. W., p. 438, number 14 (photograph). | ||||||
| 139 | Cyperus exaltatus | Retz. | - | Tall Flat-sedge | Cyperaceae | 0.6-0.8 | 0.3-0.5 | ellipsoid | triquetrous | pale, yellow-brown | Nut less than half the length of the glume. Glume 1-2 mm long. Nut described above. | Present in seed reference collection. | Robust perennial to 2 metres tall found on banks and in shallow water of watercourses. In Victoria, predominantly Murray River distribution, one record from north of Tower Hill. Provides shelter for waterbirds. | Nut illustrated in Sainty, G. R. and Jacobs, S. W. L. (1981) 'Waterplants of New South Wales'. Water Resources Commission, N. S. W., p. 438, number 15 (photograph). | ||||||
| 140 | *Rumex crispus | L. | - | Curled Dock | Polygonaceae | 2-3.5 | trigonous | brown | smooth | Fruiting valve: broad-ovate to almost circular in outline, 3.5-6 mm long and almost as wide (Walsh and Entwisle 1996, p. 287). | Seed described above is a nut. Seed is polymorphic, varying in both size and weight. One plant prodcues up to 60,000 seeds per year and can remain viable for up to 80 years. Present in seed reference collection. | Widespread and common perennial erect herb to 1.5 metres found in drains or on swampy ground. Flowers from October to February. | Nut illustrated in Sainty, G. R. and Jacobs, S. W. L. (1981) 'Waterplants of New South Wales'. Water Resources Commission, N. S. W., p. 444, number 58 (photograph). | |||||||
| 141 | Rumex bidens | R. Br. | Rumex muelleri | Mud Dock | Polygonaceae | 3-3.5 (c. 3) | triquetrous | light brown | Fruiting valve description from (Walsh and Entwisle 1996, p. 288.): "ovate to rhombic, 4-6 mm long, 3-5 mm wide (excluding teeth), each with 1 or 2 spreading or recurved spine-like teeth near base, and an irregular callosity in the basal two-thirds". | Seed described above a nut. Nut falling still enclosed by perianth. Present in seed reference collection. | Prostrate or floating perennial aquatic or semi-aquatic herb of freshwater to 20 cm in swamps, lake margins, seasonally wet derpressions and slow-moving streams/creek banks. Also growing out over deeper water on muddy substrate. Flowering October to February. | |||||||||
| 142 | *Rumex conglomeratus | Murray | - | Clustered Dock | Polygonaceae | 1.3-1.7 | Nut described above. Fruiting valve ovate, 2.5-3.2 mm long. | Present in seed reference collection. | Widespread and common perennial erect herb to 1 metre tall growing near swamps, streams or seasonally wet depressions. Flowering from September to January. | |||||||||||
| 143 | *Rumex obtusifolius subsp. obtusifolius | L. | - | Broad-leaf Dock | Polygonaceae | 2.5-3.5 | Fruiting valve 3.5-7 mm long, 2-3 mm wide (excluding teeth). | Nut described above. Not in seed reference collection. | ||||||||||||
| 144 | *Rumex pulcher subsp. pulcher | L. | - | Fiddle Dock | Polygonaceae | 2-3.5 | Fruiting valve ovate to broadly triangular, 3-6 mm long, 2-4.5 mm wide (excluding teeth). | Nut described above. Present in seed reference collection. | ||||||||||||
| 145 | Rumex dumosus | A. Cunn. Ex Meisn. In DC. | Rumex dumosiformis | Wiry Dock | Polygonaceae | 2.5-3.5 | Fruiting valve triangular, 3-5 mm long, 2-3 mm wide (excluding teeth). | Nut described above. Present in seed reference collection. | ||||||||||||
| 146 | Persicaria lapathifolia | (L.) Gray | Polygonum lapathifolium | Pale Knotweed | Polygonaceae | c. 2 | broadly ovate to almost orbicular | flattish | brown | sllightly roughened | dull or shining | Seed described above is a nut. Not in seed reference collection. | Annual or biennial herb of winter-wet depressions and along permanent creeks and rivers. Flowers from September to May. | Nut illustrated in Sainty, G. R. and Jacobs, S. W. L. (1981) 'Waterplants of New South Wales'. Water Resources Commission, N. S. W., p. 444, number 57 (photograph). | ||||||
| 147 | Persicaria praetermissa | (Hook. F.) H. Hara | Polygonum strigosum | Spotted Knotweed | Polygonaceae | c. 2.5 | 2 | obtusely 3-angled or biconvex | dark brown or reddish | smooth | shining | Seed described above a nut. Present in seed reference collection. | Scrambling or procumbent perennial of swamps and margins slow-flowing watercourses. Flowers from November to May. | |||||||
| 148 | Persicaria prostrata | (R. Br.) Sojak | Polygonum prostratum | Creeping Knotweed | Polygonaceae | c. 2 | 1.5 | broadly ovate | biconvex | dark brown or blackish | smooth | shining | Seed described above a nut. Present in seed reference collection. | Prostrate perennial herb of sandy or rocky margins of watercourses or frequently inundated heavy soils. Common on stony rises around margins of Lake Condah. Flowers December to May. | ||||||
| 149 | Persicaria hydropiper | (L.) Spach | Polygonum hydropiper | Water Pepper | Polygonaceae | c. 3 | 2 | broadly ovate | bicovex to plano-convex | dark brown | slightly roughened | dull | Seed described above a nut. Not in seed reference collection. | An erect annual riparian herb, mostly found in eastern Victoria. Flowers from January to May. | ||||||
| 150 | Persicaria subsessilis | (R. Br.) K.L.Wilson | Polygonum subsessile | Hairy Knotweed | Polygonaceae | 2.5-3 | c. 2 | ovate | biconvex or obscurely trigonous | blackish | smooth | shining | Seed described above a nut. Not in seed reference collection. | Rhizomatous perennial herb found along streams. Flowering from January to April. | ||||||
| 151 | *Persicaria maculosa | Gray | Polygonum persicaria | Redshank | Polygonaceae | 2-2.5 | almost 2-2.5 | broadly ovate | flattish, weakly biconvex or trigonous | blackish | smooth | shining | Seed described above a nut. Not in seed reference collection. | Decumbent to erect annual in depressions or near watercourses, generally in disturbed or weedy vegetation. Flowers from January to May. | ||||||
| 152 | Muehlenbeckia adpressa | (Labill.) Meisn. | Polygonum adpressum | Climbing Lignum | Polygonaceae | c. 3 | ovoid | rounded-trigonous | blackish | smooth | Seed described above a nut. Faces of nut more or less flat with a broad longitudinal groove. Not in seed reference collection. | Creeping or twining shrub found around coastal swamps and dunes. Flowering September to January. | Nut illustrated in Walsh, N. G. and Entwisle, T. J. (1996) 'Flora of Victoria volume 3. Dicotyledons, Winteraceae to Myrtaceae'. Inkata Press, Melbourne, p. 285, Figure 56 j (line drawing). | |||||||
| 153 | Muehlenbeckia florulenta | Meisn. In DC | Muehlenbeckia cunninghamii, Polygonum cunninghamii | Tangled Lignum | Polygonaceae | 3-4 | narrowly ovoid | trigonous to triquetrous | brown | smooth | Seed described above a nut. Faces of nut flat or shallowly concave. Present in seed reference collection. | Shrub with readily deciduous leaves, and branches ending in spines. Found around shallow and/or ephemeral swamps and creeks, often slightly saline. Intricate nature of branching provides habitat for birds and animals. Flowering from October to May. | Nut illustrated in Sainty, G. R. and Jacobs, S. W. L. (1981) 'Waterplants of New South Wales'. Water Resources Commission, N. S. W., p. 443, number 55 (photograph). Nut illustrated in Walsh, N. G. and Entwisle, T. J. (1996) 'Flora of Victoria volume 3. Dicotyledons, Winteraceae to Myrtaceae'. Inkata Press, Melbourne, p. 285, Figure 56 l (line drawing). | |||||||
| 154 | *Polygonum aviculare | L. | - | Hogweed (Wireweed) | Polygonaceae | 2-3 | trigonous | dark brown | minutely roughened | Fruiting perianth not or barely enlarged. | Seed described above a nut. Faces of nut more or less flat or concave. Not in seed reference collection. | Decumbent or prostrate annual of most weedy situations throughout Victoria. Flowers from Decmeber to May. | Nut illustrated in Walsh, N. G. and Entwisle, T. J. (1996) 'Flora of Victoria volume 3. Dicotyledons, Winteraceae to Myrtaceae'. Inkata Press, Melbourne, p. 274, Figure 53 f (line drawing). | |||||||
| 155 | *Polygonum arenastrum | Jord. Ex Boreau | - | Hogweed (Wireweed) | Polygonaceae | 2-2.5 | unequally trigonous | mid to dark brown | minutely roughened | Fruiting perianth not or barely enlarged. | Seed described above a nut. Faces of nut: 2 equal flat or convex faces and one narrow concave face. Present in seed reference collection. | Decumbent or prostrate annual of weedy situations, often forming a mat, flowers during summer. | Nut illustrated in Walsh, N. G. and Entwisle, T. J. (1996) 'Flora of Victoria volume 3. Dicotyledons, Winteraceae to Myrtaceae'. Inkata Press, Melbourne, p. 274, Figure 53 j (line drawing). | |||||||
| 156 | Polygonum plebeium | R. Br. | - | Small Knotweed | Polygonaceae | c. 1-1.5 | trigonous | dark brown | smooth | shining | Seed described above a nut. Faces of nut more or less equal flat or slightly concave. Present in seed reference collection. | Prostrate annual of drying lake-beds and floodplains. Flowering most of the year. | Nut illustrated in Walsh, N. G. and Entwisle, T. J. (1996) 'Flora of Victoria volume 3. Dicotyledons, Winteraceae to Myrtaceae'. Inkata Press, Melbourne, p. 274, Figure 53 n (line drawing). |