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Associate Professor David Dunkerley

D Dunkerley

  Australia has enormous areas of dryland, and partly owing to their relative remoteness from the major urban centres and Universities, these landscapes remain incompletely understood.

My research interests and activity:

My research spans a range of areas within the broad fields of geomorphology and hydrology. I work almost exclusively on modern landscape processes, including infiltration, the generation of surface runoff, and hillslope and channel erosion and sediment transport. An understanding of modern landscape and environmental processes is a vital requirement for informed land management, and this need underpins much of my work.

My research also has a strong geographical focus: my primarily field research areas lie within the world's drylands (arid and semi-arid landscapes). Australia has enormous areas of dryland, and partly owing to their relative remoteness from the major urban centres and Universities, these landscapes remain incompletely understood.

In recent years, together with a large group of Honours and post-graduate students, I have been working on topics related to the landscape changes that are produced by fires.

The major fires that swept across Victoria in the summer of 2002/2003, for example, resulted in dramatic changes in hillslope processes and in channel form. The post-fire landscape has many similarities to the landscapes of the drylands: very limited plant cover, extensive areas of bare soil, and intense surface runoff. It is this similarity in surface processes that triggered my research interest in the effects of bushfires.

Within the broad context outlined above, I have a number of specific areas of research focus:

Bare slopes leading directly into a low-order stream channel (Grampians bushfire of 2006)
Bare slopes leading directly into a low-order stream channel (Grampians bushfire of 2006).

1. The nature of surface runoff. It is vital that we develop a sound understanding of the mechanics of surface runoff, not least so that the consequences of landscape change (e.g. caused by grazing, cropping, fire, environmental change) can be understood. If we consider the hillslope erosion that often follows bushfire, for example, it would be valuable to know how much of this might be attributable to faster surface runoff sustained by the smoother surface, and the reduction in obstacles such as litter and fallen branches. Alternative explanations, such as greater exposure to beating raindrops, or an increase in soil erodibility because of the loss of organic materials, need also to be investigated. Thus I wish to answer questions such as this: after a bushfire (or a management fire), how much faster is the surface runoff generated in a major storm than under pre-fire conditions? Is any increase in runoff speed sufficient to account for observed post-fire hillslope sediment transport?


This stream in the Omeo area of Victoria was extensively scoured by flooding that resulted in heavy rains that followed the bushfires of 2003. Extensive bank undercutting and root exposure are clearly evident.

2. The development of observational and measurement methods needed to answer questions like No. 1. Often, surface runoff is very shallow - perhaps only 0.5 mm - 10 mm, and it moves as laminar flow. Laminar flow is a form of smooth flow that lacks mixing and turbulence. Shallow and slow-moving flows are quite difficult to measure and characterise exactly. For example, the flow is typically too shallow to allow any conventional instruments to be used to measure speed. In recent years, I have therefore developed a non-contact, optical method for measuring the speed of very shallow flows. I have also developed a computer-controlled depth measurement system, suitable for field use, that is capable of recording flow depths automatically with a resolution of about 25 µm. This device is by a large margin the most precise tool that has ever been available for the measurement of depth in surface runoff, and it is allowing new kinds of data to be gathered.

This new device allows the speed of shallow surface runoff to be measured by timing the passage of floating reflective particles. The black sensors with attached wires are reflective infra-red devices; one is located slightly upstream of the other, and the passage of floating particles triggers timing by a precision clock, allowing flow speed to be calculated.

3. The nature of 'community-level' adaptations to water scarcity in plant communities of the Australian drylands. Individual plants of course exhibit various adaptations to desert conditions, including deep root systems, hydraulic lifting of water from deep to shallow roots, and so on. However, there are also adaptations that involve structures developed in whole communities - involving numerous individual plants. Striking examples are provided by the 'tiger bush' landscapes in which plants grow in contour-aligned groves or clusters. In Australia, landscapes of this kind are widespread in the mulga country, where Acacia aneura grows in aligned groves, as well as in chenopod shrublands and grasslands. These landscapes appear to function as runoff-runon systems. The bare intergroves yield abundant surface runoff, and this flows downslope across the bare surface to a nearby grove, where more porous soils absorb the water. Though we currently lack a complete understanding of the special adaptations involved in these communities, they are under pressure from grazing, firewood gathering, tourism impacts and environmental change. A particular need therefore is to identify those landscape features and processes most vital to the continued existence of these plant communities.


Fragile cyanobacterial crusts like this protect many desert soils from wind and water erosion. However, they are readily damaged by hard-hooved stock as well as by vehicles or people.

4. More generally, I research various aspects of the ways in which plants (and, to some extent, fauna) influence hydrologic and geomorphic processes in drylands and elsewhere. An example is the role of desert shrubs in modifying soil properties in their vicinity. My field experiments have shown that the local micro-environment created by a shrub can include more that just the moister, cooler, shaded environment beneath the plant canopy. Instead, radiating root systems and litter dispersed from the plant create an 'island' of more porous soil that extends well beyond the limits of the canopy overhead. In this way, a shrub triggers higher infiltration capacity in the soils that surround it. This assists in the trapping of water present only ephemerally during rain events. The extent to which the operation of these 'islands' might be impaired by landuse such as pastoral activity is not yet clear, and this is an area that requires detailed fieldwork. In the same context, the impact of heavy visitor pressure in dryland parks and reserves may pose a threat to the maintenance of high infiltration capacities where soils are trampled by people or vehicles.


This 'tiger bush' landscape is in western NSW. The road in the middle ground links Broken Hill and Menindee. The dark bands are groves of Mitchell grass, aligned parallel with the contours, while the paler areas are bare soil. The bare patches generate surface runoff that supports the densely-packed grass tussocks forming the groves.

Current Teaching Subjects:

PUBLICATIONS

92. Dunkerley D.L. forthcoming. Rain event properties: a review with implications for field studies in hydrology and geomorphology. Submitted to Hydrological Processes, 2007, and under review.

91. Dunkerley D.L. submitted. Water interception on vegetation and elsewhere in the environment: significance, mechanisms, and research needs. Submitted to Earth Science Reviews.

90. Dunkerley D.L. submitted. Rain event properties in nature and in rainfall simulation experiments: a comparative review with recommendations for increasingly systematic study and reporting. Submitted to Hydrological Processes, 2007, and under review.

89. Dunkerley D.L. forthcoming. Bulk density from core samples and the flexible membrane method: efficacy in desert soils. Submitted to Soil Science Society of America Journal.

88. Dunkerley D.L. Martin N. Berg SS Ferguson R. in press.  Fire, Catchment Runoff and Erosion Processes, and Post-fire Rehabilitation Programs: Recent Australian Experience. Invited contribution to two-volume international review of post-fire rehabilitation measures, edited by A. Cerda & P. Robichaud, Science Publishers USA.

87. Dunkerley D.L. in press. Flow chutes in Fowlers Creek, arid western New South Wales, Australia: evidence for diversity in the influence of trees on ephemeral channel form and process. Accepted for publication in a Special Issue of Geomorphology.

86. Dunkerley D.L. 2007. Intra-storm evaporation as a component of canopy interception loss in dryland shrubs: observations from Fowlers Gap, Australia. Hydrological Processes, doi: 10.1002/hyp.6783. Available as PDF (360KB)

85. Dunkerley D.L. 2007. Bank permeability in an Australian ephemeral dry-land stream: variation with stage resulting from mud deposition and sediment clogging. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms DOI 10.1002/esp.1539. Available as PDF (993KB)

84. Oke A.M.C., Dunkerley D.L., & Tapper N.J. 2007. Willy-willies in the Australian landscape: sediment transport characteristics. Journal of Arid Environments DOI 10.1016/j.jaridenv.2007.03.014. Available as PDF (1.5MB)

83. Oke A.M.C. Tapper N.J., and Dunkerley D.L. 2007. Willy-willies in the Australian landscape: the role of key meteorological variables and surface conditions in defining frequency and spatial characteristics. Journal of Arid Environments DOI 10.1016/j.jaridenv.2007.03.008. Available as PDF (1.8MB)

82. Dunkerley D.L. 2004. Flow threads in surface run-off: implications for the assessment of flow properties and friction coefficients in soil erosion and hydraulics investigations. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 29, 1011-1026. Available as PDF (195KB)

81. Berg S.S. & Dunkerley D.L. 2004. Patterned mulga near Alice Springs, central Australia, and the potential threat of firewood collection on this vegetation community. Journal of Arid Environments 59. 313-350. Available as PDF (772KB)

80. Dunkerley D.L. 2003. Organic litter: dominance over stones as a source of interrill flow roughness on low-gradient desert slopes at Fowlers Gap, arid western NSW, Australia. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 28, 15-29. Available as PDF (231KB)

79. Dunkerley D.L. 2003. Determining friction coefficients for interrill flows: the significance of flow filaments and backwater effects. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 28, 475-491. Available as PDF (243KB)

78. Dunkerley D.L. 2003. An optical tachometer for short-path measurement of flow speeds in shallow overland flows: improved alternative to dye timing. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 28, 777-786. Available as PDF (248KB)

77. Dunkerley D.L. 2002. Infiltration rates and soil moisture in a groved mulga community near Alice Springs, arid central Australia: evidence for complex internal rainwater redistribution in a runoff-runon landscape. Journal of Arid Environments 51, 199-219. Available as PDF (460KB)

76. Dunkerley D.L. and Brown K.J. 2002. Oblique vegetation banding in the Australian arid zone: implications for theories of pattern evolution and maintenance. Journal of Arid Environments 51, 163-181. Available as PDF (414KB)

75. Dunkerley D.L. 2002. Volumetric displacement of flow depth by submerged and non-submerged obstacles, and the determination of friction factors in shallow overland flows. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms. 27: 165-175. Available as PDF (143KB)

74. Dunkerley D.L. 2002. Surface tension and friction coefficients in shallow, laminar overland flows through organic litter. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 27: 45-58. Available as PDF (134KB)

73. Dunkerley D.L. 2002. Systematic variation of soil infiltration rates within and between the components of the vegetation mosaic in an Australian desert landscape. Hydrological Processes 16: 119-131. Available as PDF (313KB)

72. Dunkerley D.L. 2001. Estimating the mean speed of laminar overland flow using dye injection -uncertainty on rough surfaces. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 26(4): 363-374. Available as PDF (288KB)

71. Seghieri J. and Dunkerley D.L. 2001. Specific methods of study. pp.32-51 in D.J. Tongway, C. Valentin and J. Seghieri (Eds.) Banded vegetation patterning in arid and semiarid environments. New York: Springer Verlag, 251pp.

70. Thiery J.M. Dunkerley D.L. and Orr B. 2001. Landscape models for banded vegetation genesis. pp.167-197 in D.J. Tongway, C. Valentin and J. Seghieri (Eds.) Banded vegetation patterning in arid and semiarid environments. New York: Springer Verlag, 251pp.

69. Dunkerley D.L. Domelow P. and Tooth D. 2001. Frictional retardation of laminar flow by plant litter and surface stones on dryland surfaces: a laboratory study. Water Resources Research, 37(5): 1417-1424.

68. Dunkerley D.L. 2000. Assessing the influence of shrubs and their interspaces on enhancing infiltration in an arid Australian shrubland. Rangeland Journal, 22: 58-71.

67. Dunkerley D.L. 2000. Hydrologic effects of dryland shrubs: defining the spatial extent of modified soil water uptake rates at an Australian desert site. Journal of Arid Environments 45: 159-172. Available as PDF (206KB)

66. Dunkerley D.L. 2000. Desert pavement. pp.236-237 in P.L. Hancock and B.J. Skinner (Eds.) The Oxford companion to the Earth. New York: Oxford University Press, 1174pp.

65. Dunkerley D.L. 2000. Measuring interception loss and canopy storage in dryland vegetation: a brief review and evaluation of available research strategies. Hydrological Processes 14: 669-678. Available as PDF (121KB)

64. Geddes N. and Dunkerley D.L. 1999. The influence of organic litter on the erosive effects of raindrops and of gravity drops released from desert shrubs. Catena 36: 303-313. Available as PDF (540KB)

63. Dunkerley D.L. 1999. Cellular automata: the exploration of spatial phenomena in ecology. pp.145-183 in A.H. Fielding (Ed.) Machine learning methods for ecological applications. Boston: Kluwer Academic, 261pp.

62. Dunkerley D.L. and Booth T.L. 1999. Plant canopy interception and its significance in a banded landscape, arid western New South Wales, Australia. Water Resources Research 35(5): 1581-1586.

61. Dunkerley D.L. and Brown K.J. 1999. Flow behaviour, suspended sediment transport and transmission losses in a small (sub bankfull) flow event in an Australian desert stream. Hydrological Processes 13: 1577-1588. Available as PDF (429KB)

60. Dunkerley D.L. 1999. Banded shrublands of arid western N.S.W.: responses to interannual rainfall variability. Ecological Modelling 121: 127-138.

59. Dunkerley D.L. 1999. Shrubs as modifiers of the ability of soils to take in water: field studies at Fowlers Gap, western New South Wales. Paper presented at Fowlers Gap Arid Zone Research Station Biennial Open Day, 16 July 1999. University of NSW: Abstracts of Papers pp.3-4.

58. Dunkerley D.L. and Brown K.J. 1999. Banded vegetation near Broken Hill, Australia: significance of soil surface roughness and soil physical properties. Catena 37: 75-88. Available as PDF (900KB)

57. Dunkerley D.L. 1997. Banded vegetation: development under uniform rainfall from a simple cellular automaton model. Plant Ecology (formerly Vegetatio) 129: 103-111. Available as PDF (361KB)

56. Dunkerley D.L. 1997. Banded vegetation: survival under drought and grazing pressure from a simple cellular automaton model. Journal of Arid Environments 35: 419-428. Available as PDF (502KB)

55. Dunkerley D.L. and Brown K.J. 1997. Desert soils. Chapter 5, pp.55-68 in Desert Geomorphology (ed. D.S. Thomas), Chichester: Wiley, second edition, 713pp.

54. Davis S.H. Vertessy R.A. Dunkerley D.L. and Mein R.G. 1996. The influence of scale on the measurement of saturated hydraulic conductivity in a forest soil. Proc. 23rd Hydrology and Water Resources Symposium, Hobart, 21-24 May 1996, 1: 103-108. Canberra: Institution of Engineers, Australia.

53. Dunkerley D.L. and Brown K.J. 1996. Erosion processes and polyphase mosaic components in a banded grassland, arid western New South Wales, Australia. Abstracts, IGBP-GCTE Symposium on Banded vegetation patterning in arid and semi-arid environments. ORSTOM: Paris, pp. 41-44.

52. Brown K.J. and Dunkerley D.L. 1996. The influence of hillslope gradient, regolith texture, stone size and stone position on the presence of a vesicular layer and related aspects of hillslope hydrologic processes: A case study from western New South Wales, Australia. Catena, 26: 71-84. Available as PDF (898KB)

51. Dunkerley D.L. 1996. Stone cover on desert hillslopes: extent of bias in diameters estimated from grid samples and procedures for bias correction. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 21: 573-580. Available as PDF (1MB)

50.Dunkerley D.L. 1998. The effects of plant litter on sediment detachment and transport in the arid zone: rainfall simulation experiments at Fowlers Gap, NSW. Paper presented at 8th Conference, Australian and New Zealand Geomorphology Group, Goolwa SA 15-20 November 1998, p.18.

49.Dunkerley D.L. 2000. (with D.S. Thomas and A.S. Goudie, Eds., and four others). Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Physical Geography. Oxford: Blackwell, 3rd (revised) edition.

48. Dunkerley D.L. 2000. Surficial stone cover and desert pavement. Invited contribution to the Oxford Companion to Earth, P.L. Hancock & B.J. Skinner (Eds.). Oxford University Press, 1174pp.

47. Williams M.A.J. Dunkerley D.L. De Deckker P Kershaw AP and Chappell J.M.A. 1998. Quaternary Environments. London: Arnold, second edition, 329pp.

46. Dunkerley D.L. 1997. Banded vegetation: development under uniform rainfall from a simple cellular automaton model. Plant Ecology (formerly Vegetatio) 129: 103-111.

45. Dunkerley D.L. 1997. Banded vegetation: survival under drought and grazing pressure from a simple cellular automaton model. Journal of Arid Environments 35: 419-428.

44. Dunkerley D.L. & Hallam N. 1997. Gold Ridge and surroundings, Guadalcanal, Solomon Islands: an environmental assessment. Consultants report on the environmental effects of a proposed mining development, prepared for Slater & Gordon Solicitors, Melbourne. Departments of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology and Geography & Environmental Science, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 31 pp. and Appendixes.

43. Dunkerley D.L. & Brown K.J. 1997. Desert soils. Chapter 5, pp.55-68 in Desert Geomorphology (ed. D.S. Thomas), Chichester: Wiley, second edition, 713pp.

42. Davis S.H. Vertessy R.A. Dunkerley D.L. & Mein R.G. 1996. The influence of scale on the measurement of saturated hydraulic conductivity in a forest soil. Proc. 23rd Hydrology and Water Resources Symposium, Hobart, 21-24 May 1996,1: 103-108. Canberra: Institution of Engineers, Australia.

41. Dunkerley D.L. & Brown K.J. 1996. Erosion processes and polyphase mosaic components in a banded grassland, arid western New South Wales, Australia. Abstracts, IGBP-GCTE Symposium on Banded vegetation patterning in arid and semi-arid environments. ORSTOM: Paris, pp. 41-44.

40. Brown K.J. & Dunkerley D.L. 1996. The influence of hillslope gradient, regolith texture, stone size and stone position on the presence of a vesicular layer and related aspects of hillslope hydrologic processes: A case study from western New South Wales, Australia. Catena, 26: 71-84.

39. Dunkerley D.L. 1996. Evolution of the Australian Alps. Invited paper presented at the 'Alps Awareness' Workshop, Mount Buffalo National Park, April 22-24. Bright: Australian Alps Liaison Committee, 10pp.

38. Dunkerley D.L. 1996. The development of the Mallee landscape. Invited paper at the Second Mallee Ecology Course, Lake Cullulleraine, Victoria, 29-31 May. Victoria: Department of Natural Resources and Environment, 7pp.

37. Dunkerley D.L. 1996. Stone cover on desert hillslopes: extent of bias in diameters estimated from grid samples and procedures for bias correction. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 21: 573-580.

36. Dunkerley D.L. 1995. Surface stone cover on desert hillslopes: parameterizing characteristics relevant to infiltration and surface runoff. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 20: 207-218. Available as PDF (1.9MB)

35. Dunkerley D.L. & Brown K.J. 1995. Runoff and runon areas in patterned chenopod shrubland, arid western New South Wales, Australia: characteristics and origin. Journal of Arid Environments, 30: 41-55.

34. Dunkerley D.L. 1994. Ancient inland seas and wind blown sands: the landforms and soils of the outback. Invited paper presented at the Victorian Tourism Operators' Association/Department of Conservation and Natural Resources 'Outback Awareness' Workshop, Wyperfield National Park, June 6-8, 15pp.

33. Dunkerley D.L. 1994. Bulk sampling of coarse clastic sediments for particle-size analysis: a comment. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 19: 255-261. Available as PDF (1.3MB)

32. Dunkerley D.L. 1994. Notes on the landforms, geology and soils of the Alps. Invited paper presented at the Victorian Tourism Operators' Association/Department of Conservation and Natural Resources 'Alpine Awareness' Workshop, Howmans Gap, Victoria, February 21-23, 10pp.

31. Dunkerley D.L. 1993. Natural environment in arid regions: stability and change. Proceedings of the 27th Annual Conference, Geography Teachers' Association of Victoria, Melbourne 8-10 August, pp.33-37.

30. Dunkerley D.L. 1993. Parameterising stone cover on desert hillslopes: surface area and edge-length effects. Paper presented at Third International Geomorphology Conference, Hamilton, Ontario, August 23-28. Inadvertently omitted from Abstracts Volume.

29. Brown K.J. & Dunkerley D.L. 1993. The influence of slope angle, clast size and depth of burial on the presence of a vesicular layer and implications for hillslope hydrology. Paper presented at Third International Geomorphology Conference, Hamilton, Ontario, August 23-28. Abstracts Volume p.112.

28. Dunkerley D.L. & Brown K.J. 1993. Microtopography, patterned vegetation and runoff mechanisms in a desert chenopod shrubland, NSW, Australia. Paper presented at Third International Geomorphology Conference, Hamilton, Ontario, August 23-28. Abstracts Volume p.133.

27. Graeme D. & Dunkerley D.L. 1993. Hydraulic resistance by the river red gum, Eucalyptus camaldulensis, in ephemeral desert streams. Australian Geographical Studies, 31(2): 141-154.

26. Williams M.A.J. Dunkerley D.L. De Deckker P Kershaw AP and Stokes T.J. 1993. Quaternary Environments. London: Arnold, first edition, 329pp.

25. Dunkerley D.L. 1992. Channel geometry, bed material, and inferred flow conditions in ephemeral stream systems, Barrier Range, western N.S.W. Australia. Hydrological Processes 6, 417-433. Available as PDF (2.6MB)

24. Dunkerley D.L. 1991. TABLET: a Macintosh program for the determination of area and length with the Tektronix 4956 digitising tablet. Department of Geography, Monash University, Technical Memorandum No. 3, 22pp.

23. Dunkerley D.L. 1990. The development of armour in alluvial channels: evidence from the Tambo River, eastern Victoria, Australia. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 15, 405-412. Available as PDF (1.2MB)

22. Dunkerley D.L. 1988. LEVPLOT: a BASIC program for processing and plotting survey sections. Department of Geography, Monash University, Technical Memorandum No. 2, 18pp.

21. Dunkerley D.L. 1987. Deposition of tufa on Ryans and Stockyard Creeks, Chillagoe karst, north Queensland: the role of evaporation. Helictite 25, 30-35.

20. Dunkerley D.L. 1987. Utility graphics programs for the Tektronix 4051 computer system. Department of Geography, Monash University, Technical Memorandum No. 1, 21pp.

19. Dunkerley D.L. 1984. An economical recorder interface for use with tipping-bucket raingauges. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 31, 79-81.

18. Dunkerley D.L. 1983. Lithology and micro-topography in the Chillagoe karst, Queensland, Australia. Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie 27, 191-204.

17. Dunkerley D.L. 1983. Karst Topography. Contribution to Australian Academy of Science, School Geology Project Text: Geological Sciences: Perspectives of the Earth. Canberra: Australian Academy of Science, 651pp. (pp.192-193).

16. Dunkerley D.L. 1982. Australian Landform Example No. 42: armoured alluvial channel. Australian Geographer 15, 242-243.

15. Dunkerley D.L. 1982. A comment on “The role of stability analysis in the interpretation of threshold slopes”. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 7, 233-235.

14. Dunkerley D.L. 1982. Carbon dioxide and the map of Melbourne. Science Magazine (Monash University), 10, 1-6.

13. Dunkerley D.L. 1981. Recording river flow. Science Magazine (Monash University), 5, 17-22.

12. Dunkerley D.L. 1981. Chemistry of a tropical tufa-depositing spring near Mt Etna, Queensland: a preliminary analysis. Helictite 19, 15-21.

11. Dunkerley D.L. 1981. Australian Landform Example No. 39: tufa dam. Australian Geographer 15, 58-61.

10. Dunkerley D.L. 1981. Determination of karst water aggressiveness by artificial saturation: a comparison of results obtained using limestone and reagent grade calcium carbonate. Helictite 19, 68-72.

9. Dunkerley D.L. 1980. The study of slope evolution over long periods of time: a review of methodologies and some new observational data from Papua New Guinea. Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie 24, 52-68.

8. Dunkerley D.L. 1979. The morphology and development of rillenkarren. Zetischrift für Geomorphologie 23, 332-348.

7. Dunkerley D.L. 1978. Hillslope form and climate: a discussion. Bulletin of the geological Society of America 89, 1111-1114.

6. Dunkerley D.L. 1978. Climatic geomorphology and fully-developed slopes: a discussion. Catena 5,79-80. Available as PDF (105KB)

5. Dunkerley D.L. 1977. Some comments on stream ordering schemes. Geographical Analysis 9, 429-431.

4. Dunkerley D.L. 1977. Frequency distributions of stream link lengths and the development of channel networks. Journal of Geology 85, 459-470.

3. Dunkerley D.L. 1976. A study of long-term slope stability in the Sydney Basin, Australia. Engineering Geology 10, 1-12.

2.Blong R.J. & Dunkerley D.L. 1976 Landslides in the Razorback area, New South Wales, Australia. Geografiska Annaler 3A, 139-147.

1. Dunkerley D.L. 1976. An analog water discharge meter for use in runoff plot experiments. Agricultural Meteorology 16, 413-424.

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